Anaphylaxis is a severe and potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It is triggered when the body’s immune system overreacts to a particular substance. Symptoms of anaphylaxis usually appear within a few minutes to a few hours after being exposed to the allergen and may go away only to return a few hours later. Individuals who believe they may be experiencing symptoms of anaphylaxis should seek emergency medical attention immediately.
Common Causes
Although a large number of allergens may cause anaphylaxis, some allergens cause the condition more frequently, according to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Foods that are likely to trigger symptoms of anaphylaxis include peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, fish, milk, eggs and preservatives. Stinging insects that may cause the reaction include honeybees, paper wasps, yellow jackets, hornets and fire ants. Antibiotics, antiseizure medications, vaccines, pain medications, radiocontrast dyes, blood and blood products, latex and certain post-surgery fluids may also cause anaphylaxis.
Symptoms
Physical symptoms of anaphylaxis may include hives, swelling, itching, warmth, rash, redness, wheezing, throat tightness, chest pain or tightness, nasal congestion or stuffiness, shortness of breath, hoarse voice, trouble swallowing, low pulse, dizziness, fainting, lightheadness, low blood pressure, nausea, pain, cramps, headache, diarrhea, vomiting, shock and a loss of consciousness. Some people may also experience anxiety or a sense of impending doom, explains the AAAAI.
Anaphylaxis Help
People who experience anaphylaxis need emergency medical attention. The quicker the reaction is treated, the less severe it may become. Individuals who notice another person exhibiting the signs of anaphylaxis should first call 911 immediately. While waiting for emergency help to arrive, focus on calming and reassuring the victim and preventing the person from going into shock if possible. This may include laying the victim flat, lifting his feet approximately 12 inches from the ground and covering him with a coat or blanket. If the victim is carrying emergency medication, helpers should administer the medication if possible. If the allergic reaction is due to an insect sting, scrap the stinger off the person’s skin with something firm, such as a fingernail or credit card. Do not squeeze the stinger, as this will release more venom.
Treatment
Paramedics or physicians may place a tube into the airways or place a tube directly into the trachea if the victim is not able to breathe. Doctors often give epinephrine, antihistamines, steroids or other medications to treat anaphylactic symptoms. Individuals who have experienced an anaphylactic reaction may be able to prevent future episodes by seeking the help of an allergist. The allergist conducts a number of tests to pinpoint the exact cause of the reaction, then provides a specific treatment plan to prevent the reaction from occurring again. The treatment plan varies depending upon the individual circumstances, but may include learning how to avoid exposure to the allergen, receiving allergy shots or carrying an auto-injectable epinephrine device.
Warning
Those trying to help a person who is suffering from anaphlyatic should not place a pillow under the victim’s head, as this may block the airways. Victims who are having difficulty breathing also should not take any oral medications, foods or liquids, as this may also do more harm than good. People suffering from anaphylactic shock should always go to a hospital, even if they begin to feel better or take an emergency allergy medication.
