The symptoms of acid reflux occur when the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, muscle, which is located between the esophagus and stomach, does not close properly. This allows acids that are usually contained in the stomach to regurgitate into the esophagus. For some, this condition is mild and only causes symptoms periodically. For others, acid reflux can occur frequently and there can be severe symptoms. At this stage the condition is called gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD. Severe symptoms of acid reflux require medical attention to avoid complications.
Heartburn
Acid reflux can cause severe heartburn in some patients. The National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse states that heartburn may be felt as sharp pain or a strong burning sensation in the chest. The chest pain can be significant enough that it is mistaken for a heart attack. Heartburn can reach a stage where it occurs more than twice per week and is not relieved by medication and lifestyle changes. In these cases, surgery may be necessary to manage the symptoms.
Dysphagia
If acid backs up into the esophagus on a regular basis, the lining of the esophagus can become inflamed and/or damaged. MayoClinic.com warns that this can lead to burning sensations in the throat, feeling that there is something stuck in the throat and dysphagia or trouble swallowing. All of these symptoms require medical attention. If left untreated, GERD can lead to ulcers in the esophagus and may contribute to esophageal cancer.
Bitter Taste
Any symptoms that are suggestive of acid reflux should be evaluated. The American Gastroenterological Association warns that in some cases there are no symptoms, or just mild symptoms, up until the point where there is severe damage to the esophagus. Some patients never experience pain or heartburn. Instead, there may be a bitter or acidic taste in the mouth or a sensation that food or liquid is coming back into the mouth.
Chronic Cough
According to the National Institutes of Health, stomach acid can flow up through the esophagus and then leak down into the lungs. If this occurs, a chronic and dry cough may develop as the lungs try to clear the acid out. Over time, constant coughing can damage the vocal cords, making the voice sound hoarse.
References
- National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse: Heartburn, Gastroesophageal Reflux (GER), and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- MayoClinic.com: GERD Symptoms
- American Gastroenterological Association: Understanding Heartburn and Reflux Disease
- National Institutes of Health: GERD Signs and Symptoms Patient Tutorial
