Individuals diagnosed with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, are 2.7 times more likely to be also diagnosed with depression, according to ADDitude Mag. Since some symptoms of ADHD and depression may overlap, it is important to identify the presence of one or both disorders and understand the relationship between the two.
Symptoms of ADHD
ADHD affects a reported 3 percent to 7 percent of school-aged children and is considered to be one of the most common disorders affecting children, according to the American Psychiatric Association. There are three major groups of symptoms to observe when diagnosing ADHD--inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. A person with ADHD needs to exhibit six or more symptoms of inattention, for at least six months. The symptoms of inattention are frequent, careless mistakes; difficulty paying attention in tasks or play; unresponsiveness; poor follow-through or completion of chores, school work, or work duties; disorganization; avoidance of tasks that require sustained attention; often loses belongings; highly distractable; and forgetful.
Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity are required for a diagnosis of ADHD: fidgety; difficulty remaining seated when necessary; inappropriate running and climbing; difficulty in quietly participating in leisure activities; excessive movement; and excessive talking. The symptoms of impulsivity are premature blurting out answers to questions; difficulty awaiting turn; and frequent interruption or intrusion upon others.
Symptoms of Depression
Major depressive disorder is characterized by one or more major depressive episodes, not accounted for by a substance or a medical condition. A major depressive episode includes the following symptoms, which have to last for at least two weeks: depressed mood; loss of interest or pleasure; change in weight or appetite; change in sleep pattern; increased restless or decreased physical activity; fatigue; feelings of worthlessness; difficulty concentrating or making decisions; and thoughts of death or suicide.
Relationship Between ADHD and Depression Symptoms
ADHD and depression have a few symptoms in common, such as restlessness, difficulty concentrating and decreased motivation. This overlap may sometimes make it unclear if both disorders co-exist, or if one disorder is masquerading as another. For example, a child is restless, distracted, having difficulty sleeping and having difficulty completing tasks. These symptoms could be consistent with either ADHD or depression. Any other symptoms that could differentiate between the two must be assessed to make an appropriate diagnosis.
If both disorders are present, then it will be helpful to determine if the depression is primary or secondary. According to ADDitude Mag, primary depression occurs independently of any ADHD symptoms. Secondary depression occurs in relation to ADHD symptoms. For example, a child may experience feelings of worthlessness and sadness due to failed attempts to complete tasks and sustain attention because of his ADHD symptoms. If this is the case, the symptoms of depression should decrease once the ADHD is effectively managed. Regardless, it would likely be helpful to seek assistance for the depressive symptoms to improve coping skills and emotional functioning.
References
- ADDitude Mag: Why So Sad? Depression in ADD Adults
- “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition – Text Revision”; American Psychiatric Association; 2000
- Help For ADD: ADHD/ADD and Depression
