Chronic renal disease is characterized by the gradual loss of kidney function. When the kidneys become damaged, they cannot work properly which results in accumulation of fluid and waste in the body. Diminishing kidney function is often accompanied by increased risk for cardiovascular disease, weakened bones, anemia, central nervous system damage and fluid retention. Although there is no cure for chronic renal disease, medications are available to reduce complications and diminish symptoms.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Angiotensin-converting enzyme, or ACE, inhibitors are the class of drug that is used most often in the treatment of chronic renal disease, according to Medline Plus. ACE inhibitors work by preventing an enzyme called angiotensin-converting enzyme from producing angiotensin II, which is a substance that causes the blood vessels to narrow, which results in an increase in blood pressure. Since people with chronic renal disease experience a gradual increase in blood pressure, medication to control blood pressure is necessary. ACE inhibitors help to lower blood pressure, which in turn helps to delay the decline in kidney function. ACE inhibitors are usually accompanied by frequent blood tests and a low salt diet, according to Mayo Clinic.
Statins
People with chronic renal disease often have high blood cholesterol levels, which increase the chances of developing heart disease. Statins are a class of drug that help to lower cholesterol levels. Statins work by blocking substances in the body that are needed to make cholesterol and by helping the body reabsorb cholesterol that has built up on the artery walls, according to Mayo Clinic. The use of statins is associated with some serious side effects including liver damage and muscle breakdown.
Diuretics
Those with chronic renal disease often retain fluids, which results in swelling, especially of the arms and legs. Chronic swelling also contributes to high blood pressure. Diuretics, which work by causing the kidneys to retain sodium and water for excretion, are often prescribed to reduce swelling. The decreased amount of water in the blood also reduces the pressure of the blood on the arteries.
Phosphate-binders
Chronic renal disease can cause bones to become weak and brittle. Phosphate-binders may be prescribed in order to lower the amount of phosphate in the blood. Increased phosphate in the blood can result in a decrease in calcium absorption by the bones. By lowering phosphate levels, the bones can absorb more calcium, which prevents breaks and fractures. Vitamin D and calcium supplements may also be recommended in addition to phosphate-binders.
