A traumatic brain injury, or TBI, describes damages to the brain caused by a sudden blow to the head. In a TBI, certain parts of the brain can be damaged that affect the cognitive, or thinking, abilities of a patient. In combination with rehabilitative therapy and time, a patient may improve cognitive abilities. However, prescribed medications may increase awareness, attention and arousal of a patient, so that he may fully benefit from cognitive therapies. A patient and his family should be aware of medications prescribed to improve cognition, and the associated side effects.
Amantadine
Drugs.com states that amantadine is primarily an antiviral medication that blocks the actions of viruses in the body. However, amantadine is also prescribed to treat Parkinson’s disease and TBI. This medication acts on certain chemical receptors in the brain that improve arousal and cognition. According to a 2002 article in the "Journal of Head Trauma and Rehabilitation," patients taking amantadine had a consistent trend toward a more rapid functional improvement regardless of when a patient with TBI started on the medication in the first 3 months after injury. Thus, amantadine can play a significant role in improving cognitive function, particularly in patients with a severe TBI. Side effects of amantadine include, shortness of breath, swelling, depression, aggression, behavior changes, urinary problems, fever, stiff muscles and tremor, states Drugs.com. A patient or his family should immediately let the doctor know if any of these serious side effects occur.
Methylphenidate
According to the "Annals of Pharmacotherapy," using methylphenidate to treat traumatic brain injury can result in improvements in memory, attention, concentration and mental processing. Methylphenidate is a central nervous system, or brain, stimulant. Drugs.com states that this medication affects chemical signals in the brain and nerves that contribute to hyperactivity and impulse control. Thus, a patient will be able to better control impulsive actions. Side effects include fast, pounding heartbeats, fever, sore throat, restlessness, aggression, hallucinations, easy bruising and dangerously high blood pressure.
Donezepil
Donezepil is a prescribed medication that may improve cognition after a TBI. According to a 2005 paper in the journal "European Neurology," donezepil slightly improved cognitive processing of information, learning and attention in TBI patients. Thus, donezepil may improve general functioning and attention in patients with a TBI. This can allow patients to better participate in therapies that can help improve recovery. Side effects include bloody stools, bloody vomit, painful or difficult urination and seizures.
