Bladder calculi, or stones, are minerals that build up over time in the urinary bladder. These stones can be different in size, shape and mineral content. Bladder stones in children are rare when compared with the adult population and present themselves more commonly with children from developing countries. In fact, the Disease Control Priority Project (DCPP), announced that 30 percent of pediatric stone disease in non-industrialized countries occur as bladder stones.
Symptoms
Children who have bladder stones often have no symptoms. These calculi are routinely found incidentally on radiographic films. However, symptoms can include lower abdominal pain, frequent and painful urination as well as dark or bloody urine and occasional incontinence. If a child is exhibiting any of these symptoms, he should be checked by a physician.
Causes
Stones in children develop when urine does not completely empty out of the bladder. Bladder stones develop when the leftover urine starts to build crystals from the minerals. The Georgia Health Info site states that some bladder stones can be attributed to original kidney stones that travel to the bladder and are not voided. After time, these can turn into bladder stones.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of bladder stones in children is based on contributing factors. Laboratory exams such as an urinalysis are usually taken to check for blood and other minerals in the urine. Several radiology exams can be performed, such as x-rays, computed tomography and ultrasound. Depending on the mineral content of the stones, they may or may not be seen on these exams. Occasionally, a cystoscopic examination will have to be completed.
Treatment
Treatment of bladder calculi in children can vary depending on the size of the stone. Some small stones can pass naturally, but normally a cystolitholapaxy is required. This is when lasers are used to break the stone into smaller pieces. Surgery is also an option if stones are too big. According to the Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, if surgery is required, a percutaneous surgery is better for the patient than open surgery.
