The intestinal tract consists of the small intestine and the large intestine. The small intestine is divided into three segments: the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum. The duodenum signals the stomach to stop emptying and aids in digestion and nutrient absorption. The jejunum and ileum aid in absorption of fats and other nutrients, according to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. The large intestine consists of the cecum, colon and rectum and is responsible for completion of digestion and absorbing water from the stool. Problems with digestion and nutrient absorption can develop as a result of diseases of the colon and intestinal tract.
Celiac Disease
The small intestine is lined with villi, small fingerlike structures that allow nutrients to be absorbed through the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream. In those with celiac disease, the ingestion of gluten, which is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye, causes damage to the villi and leads to a decreased ability to absorb nutrients. Celiac disease is genetic and initial activation of the disease can be at birth or caused by surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infections or emotional stress, according to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. Symptoms of celiac disease usually present after the ingestion of gluten. These symptoms can include abdominal bloating and pain, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation and weight loss. Other non-digestive symptoms may include anemia, fatigue, joint pain, bone loss, tingling in the hands and feet and canker sores. The only way to treat celiac disease is to follow a diet that is free of gluten.
Crohn's Disease
Crohn’s disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract that results in a thickening of the intestinal wall. Crohn’s disease can occur in any area of the intestinal tract. The exact cause of the disease is unknown. The most common symptoms of Crohn’s disease include abdominal cramps, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, diarrhea and weight loss. Less common symptoms include constipation, joint pain, inflammation of the liver, mouth ulcers and bloody stools, according to MedlinePlus. Avoiding certain foods, such as those high in fat and fiber, can aid in reducing symptoms of Crohn’s disease. Medications to reduce inflammation and diarrhea may be prescribed. In severe cases, surgery to remove the diseased part of the colon may be needed.
Whipple's Disease
Whipple’s disease is an extremely rare disease caused by an infection from the bacteria Tropheryma whipplei. The infection damages the villi in the small intestine, which causes a disruption in normal digestion and interferes with the ability to break down food and absorb nutrients. Whipple’s disease may also affect the brain, heart, joints and eyes, according to Mayo Clinic. Symptoms of Whipple’s disease include diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, inflamed joints, weakness, fatigue and anemia. Whipple’s disease is a progressive disease that has the potential to be fatal if malabsorption reaches extreme levels. Treatment of Whipple’s diseases consists of antibiotics and usually must be continued for one to two years, according to Mayo Clinic.
