Range of motion is the amount of movement available when moving a joint from a starting position to the ending position within the natural range. It varies depending on the particular joint and the health of the articulation. Hip and shoulder joints have larger and freer range of motion than the elbow and knee. Disease can restrict range of motion, as can trauma and scarring.
Types
There are three ways to measure range of motion. According to Minnesota State University, passive range of motion is performed while the patient relaxes while the examiner moves the limb through the range. Active range of motion is performed with the patient moving the limb without assistance. Resistant range of motion is performed with the patient moving the limb while the examiner applies opposing pressure.
Joint Type
Different joint types allow different range of motion. Types of joints include ball and socket, saddle, hinged, condyloid, pivot and gliding joints. Ball and socket joints occur in the hip and shoulders. They allow for movement on four planes. Hinge joints occur in the elbow and knee; they allow movement on two planes. The remaining type joints are minor joints in the hands and feet and are limited in motion.
Hip and Shoulder
The hip joints allow more movement than any joint in the body. These joints allow flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation. The ball and joint socket sacrifices stability for mobility and are a common location for joint dislocations. When measuring range of motion in the hip and shoulder, there are four measurements to consider, one for every plane of movement.
Elbow and Knee
The knee and elbow allow movement on two planes, allowing for flexion and extension. These joints are more stable but have a more restrictive motion. Damage to these joints can cause severe restriction due to the fact they are weight-bearing joints. When measuring range of motion in the elbow and knee, two measurements in the two planes are considered.
Limited Range of Motion
A range of motion examination, used in diagnosing joint conditions, can give clues to the reason for joint malfunction. According to Medline Plus, restrictions in shoulder mobility indicate diseases such as arthritis, adhesive capsulitis and trauma. Hip disease presents with limited range of motion with many diseases. In addition, range of motion examinations along with orthopedic testing are important in diagnosing joint issues. Knowing the degree and direction of movement in a specific joint enables the caregiver to isolate the area of restriction and treat the affected joint.
