About Side Effects of Using IUD Birth Control

Overview

Intrauterine devices, or IUDs, are a one-time, long-lasting, hormone-based birth control. An IUD is a T-shaped piece of plastic that either contains copper or a synthetic progesterone hormone, and is inserted inside the uterus. The IUD releases a constant low dose of progesterone that does two things to a woman's body: it changes the cervical mucus and the inner uterus so that it kills or immobilizes sperm, and it changes the lining of the uterus so that it prevents implantation of a fertilized egg. However, IUDs, like other forms of birth control, have potential side effects.

Women at Risk

Specific groups of women are at a higher risk of the side effects and complications related to an IUD. These women should not use an IUD as a form of birth control and should explore other options. These include women who have or have had a history of uterine or cervical cancer, experience unexplained vaginal bleeding, may already be pregnant, suffer from pelvic inflammatory disease, have a history of ectopic pregnancy, have gonorrhea or chlamydia or are not in a monogamous relationship.

Copper Side Effects

IUDs that contain copper have their own set of side effects. These side effects include cramping around the area of the IUD implantation and increased bleeding during menstruation. Taking over-the-counter painkillers can help relieve the discomfort from cramping and menstruation.

Sexual Side Effects

In addition to the sexual side effects that are specific to copper-based IUDs, all IUDs have additional side effects. Examples include breast tenderness (more than usual during menstruation) and pelvic pain.

Other Side Effects

Both the copper and synthetic progesterone IUDs have additional side effects, which include mood changes, acne, headaches and nausea. If any of these side effects become severe or start to interfere with daily life, consult your gynecologist. Options for treating the side effects include trying a different type of IUD (although this can be a costly alternative) or switching to an oral hormone-based birth control. Your doctor will help you make that decision.

Note

According to the American Pregnancy Association, women who have an implanted IUD and have multiple sex partners are at higher risk for pelvic infections. Women who choose an IUD ideally should be in a monogamous relationship, or should choose a different type of birth control.