Gastroesophageal reflux disease, or GERD, is a condition of the digestive system. It primarily causes pain in the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. Individuals may notice slight discomfort, such as burning, in the chest during an episode of GERD. More significant effects occur from repeated acid exposure to the sensitive esophagus tissues. Individuals with GERD require dietary changes, lifestyle changes and often a form of medical intervention like medication.
Process
GERD occurs whenever food or stomach acids return from the stomach up the esophagus, explains the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. There are various factors that contribute to the refluxing of stomach contents. Normally the body prevents this condition by relying on the lower esophageal sphincter, a group of muscle fibers that closes the top of the stomach off to the esophagus. Typically the sphincter opens to allow food and liquids to go into the stomach, but when reflux occurs, it is a sign the sphincter opened abnormally.
Causes
Heartburn is a common sensation experienced with GERD. Occasional heartburn does not indicate GERD. An individual who experiences heartburn more than three days a week is likely to have a more significant reflux issue. Common sources of GERD include obesity, cigarettes, alcohol, pregnancy and a hiatal hernia, suggests the University of Maryland Medical Center. Some medications and foods can exacerbate acid production as well as encourage the sphincter to relax. Examples of such foods include spicy, fried or high-fat items. Some drugs that may lead to more persistent reflux are beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers and sedatives used to treat insomnia or anxiety.
Symptoms
It is common for individuals to feel as if food is trapped behind the breastbone, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Heartburn is the most recognizable and frequent effect of GERD. More severe heartburn can lead to a sour taste in the individual's mouth similar to vomit. This can be most noticeable after eating, when bending over or lying down. Some individuals may experience nausea following a meal. Various other symptoms can occur but may not be easily attributed to GERD by the sufferer. These include coughing, wheezing, sore throat, hoarseness, voice changes, trouble swallowing and hiccups.
Prevention
Preventative measures are important in managing GERD but such tactics may not be effective alone. Individuals should avoid eating and drinking two to three hours before bedtime, suggests the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Several dietary changes can reduce acid production. This includes eliminating alcohol and smoking. Other foods that may increase acid production include caffeine, carbonated drinks, chocolate, peppermint, tomato-based foods, citrus-based foods, and fatty or fried foods. Overweight individuals should lose weight. Loose clothing can also reduce reflux frequency.
Treatment
GERD is typically diagnosed by a physical examination of the individual after medication is given, explains the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery. Various other tests may be administered to determine the extent of damage done to the nose, throat, windpipe or larynx. From the examination, an individual will be recommended medication and sometimes surgery. Common medicines include antacids that neutralize acid, proton pump inhibitors to reduce acid production and foam barrier medications to soothe the esophagus and surrounding tissues. Many medicines are available over-the-counter but prescription-strength medicines can also be recommended. Surgical procedures are done when an individual needs an abnormality corrected, such as a hiatal hernia that protrudes into the stomach that requires removal.
