HIV is spread through sexual as well as non-sexual means. Because it can take months for an infected person's body to create antibodies in response to the virus, it's critical to be tested if you believe you have been exposed. The earlier medications and lifestyle changes can be introduced, the better your long-term outlook is when managing this disease.
Sexual Contact
Unprotected sex with an infected person creates an opportunity for HIV to spread. Vaginal and anal sex are particularly risky when unprotected because the mucous membranes are thin and prone to tearing, increasing the potential for the virus to pass into the bloodstream. Oral sex is considered lower risk, according to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation, as the mucous membranes of the mouth are more sturdy and saliva includes enzymes that break down the virus.
Needle Sharing
Sharing a needle with an infected person creates a very efficient route for the virus to enter directly into the bloodstream. It is considered extremely high risk behavior to share needles, especially as HIV infection can be spread before a person realizes he is infected.
Accidental needle sticks for health care workers appear to be low risk, according to the San Francisco AIDS Foundation. And since June of 1992, routine testing has ensured the safety of blood banks.
Mother to Child
During childbirth, an infected mother can spread the virus to her child. However, with increased testing, pregnant mothers can be treated to prevent transmission of the virus. Additionally, while a C-section was once considered the only safe means of delivery, current guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) enable vaginal delivery under certain, managed conditions.
Small amounts of the virus have been detected in breastmilk, so breastfeeding should be avoided by infected mothers, according to the CDC.
Ways HIV is Not Spread
Mosquitoes, swimming pools, sharing food, sitting in a hot tub and other "normal" activities are not risky behavior. The San Francisco AIDS Foundation clarifies that transmission of the virus is limited to risky behaviors such as needle sharing and unprotected sex, as well as exposure during child birth. The virus spreads via direct, efficient contact as outlined above and cannot survive on a chair or plate.
