Doctors and dermatologists pay close attention to the pattern, speed and shape of hair loss to determine the exact cause. When the loss is localized to one spot or several small spots, the cause is easier to diagnose than it is in cases of diffuse or overall thinning. Localized loss often points to the presence of certain scalp conditions, an autoimmune disorder or scalp infection. In most cases, localized loss is temporary.
Appearance
Several conditions cause localized hair loss, including alopecia areata, traction alopecia and tinea capitis, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Alopecia areata, an autoimmune disorder, causes small, round bald patches to appear. The patches measure approximately 1 to 1 1/2 inches across and appear sporadically on the scalp and other areas of the body where hair grows. Generally, the number of patches is quite low. Most people only lose hair in a few spots, according to the Mayo Clinic. Traction alopecia, hair loss associated with extreme hairstyling, causes bald spots and hairline recession. Tinea capitis, or ringworm, causes one patch that expands as the condition progresses.
Causes
Although alopecia areata is defined as an autoimmune disease, the exact cause is unknown. Several factors may play a role in the development of the condition, including genetics and viral infection, according to the Mayo Clinic. Traction alopecia is caused by tight hairstyles such as braids, buns, ponytails and updos. Tinea capitis occurs because of ringworm infection.
Diagnosis
After obtaining a complete history, doctors and dermatologists inspect the hair and scalp to determine the exact cause of hair loss. A scalp biopsy may also be performed, according to the American Academy of Dermatology.
Treatment
Alopecia areata is often treated through a combination of steroids and topical treatments. In some cases, steroids are injected directly into the bald patch. Once hair follicles have a chance to heal, hair growth returns to normal in most cases involving traction alopecia. Tinea capitis is treated with oral steroids and anti-fungal creams.
Prevention
Living a healthy lifestyle is the best prevention against localized hair loss. The Mayo Clinic recommends eating a balanced diet, avoiding extreme hairstyles and treating your hair with care.
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