Lymphedema is a condition that causes swelling, usually in the limbs, as a result of blockages in the lymphatic system. Lymphedema has three stages. Stage I is when there is noticeable swelling, but the lymphedema is mild. Stage II is when there is spongy like swelling and fibrous tissues begin to form. Stage III is the most advanced stage, where the limb is extremely swollen. There is no cure for lymphedema; however, it can be controlled with careful care.
Causes and Risk Factors
There are two types of lymphedema: primary and secondary. Primary lymphedema is considered an inherited condition and is caused by a malfunction of the lymphatic system that isn't caused by any outside factors. Examples of primary lymphedema include Milroy disease, Meige disease and late-onset lymphedema. Secondary lymphedema occurs when external factors cause the lymphedema. Factors that can cause lymphedema include radiation, cancer, injury to the system, infections or surgery.
Symptoms and Complications
The symptoms of lymphedema vary from one patient to the next according to the specific limb affected and the severity of the condition. Aches and discomfort in the limb are possible. A swelling in the limb is often the first noticeable sign. The affected limb may feel stiff or heavy. The skin may harden or thicken around the limb, and recurring infections of the limb are possible. The National Cancer Institute notes skin changes, such as moles, warts and blisters, as a symptom. Loss of hair near the affected limb, lethargy and trouble sleeping are also possible symptoms. The most common complication of lymphedema is a serious infection or series of infections in or around the affected limb. Most often, this occurs when the skin begins to crack, which allows bacteria to enter. Elephantiasis and lymphangiosarcoma are two other serious complications associated with lymphedema.
Diagnosis
After the physician completes a routine physical and medical history, he may order tests, including blood tests, to confirm the diagnosis of lymphedema. These tests include lymphangiography, radionuclide imagery, ultrasound, MRI, CT scan and lymphoscintgraphy. The specific tests ordered usually depend upon the location and suspected severity of the condition.
Treatments
The treatments for lymphedema include lymphatic massage, physical therapy and home exercises, wearing compression garments or wrappings, and pneumatic compressions. The goal is to get the lymphatic system working optimally so the excess fluid can drain from the affected area.
