Fibroids--also called leiomyomas or myomas--are benign, muscular growths of the uterus that range from tiny to grapefruit-sized, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Approximately 70 percent of women have fibroids by age 45, although many have no symptoms, according to the Merck Manual. If symptoms are present, they will vary according to the location of the growths--within the wall of the uterus, in the inside layer or on the outside--as well as the size and number of the growths. Symptomatic fibroids can be treated with medication or surgery if needed.
Bleeding
Abnormal bleeding is a common symptom of uterine fibroids. Submucosal fibroids that grow just under the lining of the uterus cause heavier or longer menstrual periods that may lead to anemia, according to the Merck Manual. More rarely, patients may have bleeding between periods, after menopause or following intercourse.
Pain
Several types of fibroids can cause varying degrees of discomfort, pressure and pain in the pelvis, back or legs. Large fibroids may produce pelvic pain or pressure, particularly if the mass is in the wall of the uterus. A fibroid that is degenerating---dying because it has outgrown its blood supply---can cause pain, pressure and fever, notes the Mayo Clinic. A pedunculated fibroid, one that grows on a stalk in the uterus, can twist and cause severe pain. The patient may experience leg or back pain when a fibroid that extends from the back of the uterus presses on the spinal nerves.
Bowel and Bladder Problems
Subserosal fibroids that extend outside the uterus can exert pressure on the bladder, causing frequent or urgent urination, according to the Merck Manual. When they press on the rectum, the patient will have gas, constipation and discomfort. If the fibroid is very large, the patient's abdomen may be swollen as well.
Pregnancy-Related Problems
Fibroids can cause problems during pregnancy and labor, reports the Merck Manual. Pregnant patients with fibroids may have a miscarriage, go into labor early or bleed excessively after the birth. The baby's position for delivery may be abnormal. Infertility can also be caused by a fibroid, although that complication is rare.
