What Is Toenail Fungus?

Toenail fungus, also called onychomycosis, develops when fungal organisms normally present on the skin or in the environment invade the area beneath a toenail. As many as a fifth of all Americans get toenail fungus, according to the Cleveland Clinic. This type of infection can be difficult to treat, requiring prescription medication and the care of a doctor. Without treatment, the entire nail may be lost. But with a little care and attention, toenail fungus can be prevented.

Symptoms

The first sign of toenail fungus is usually a small yellow or white spot under the tip of the nail. This progresses to one or more toenails becoming brittle, thickened and distorted. The nail can crumble or detach from the nail bed. The toenail takes on a dull appearance and may become uncomfortable. Nail damage may be permanent if the infection is left untreated.

Biology

A few types of fungi, including dermatophytes, yeasts and molds, can cause these infections. Many of the fungi are normally present in the body but can cause problems when they overgrow. The fungi that infect nails typically enter the nail bed through microscopic tears in the skin or a slight loosening of the nail. If the nail is then exposed to warm, moist and dark conditions, a fungal infection can take root and grow.

Causes and Risk Factors

Older people are more likely to develop toenail fungal infections, although they can occur at any age. People who play sports or work outdoors may contribute to the development of an infection if their shoes and socks become sweaty, as this provides an ideal environment for the fungus. Those who spend a lot of time around swimming pools or showers often pick up fungi in these areas.

Treatment

Treatment works best if the affected person sees a podiatrist as soon as he notices signs of a fungal infection. The podiatrist will inspect the nail and prescribe an oral medication. About 50 percent of those who use prescription anti-fungal remedies successfully clear the infection, according to Medline Plus. A typical course of treatment runs for six to 12 weeks, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians' website Family Doctor. If medication does not work, the best treatment may be removal of the nail, which can be done by a podiatrist as an in-office procedure. It may be up to a year before the nail grows back.

Prevention

Keeping the toes clean and dry is essential in preventing a toenail fungal infection. Toenails should be kept short and filed down. During a pedicure, only new or sterilized equipment should be used. Clean, dry all-cotton socks should be put on each day and changed whenever they become damp. Those concerned about a toenail infection should avoid walking barefoot in public areas such as locker rooms and public pools.