Elevated blood glucose or sugar, also referred to as hyperglycemia, occurs when the body has too little insulin or when the body doesn't utilize insulin properly. Long-term complications of untreated hyperglycemia can include cardiovascular disease, nerve damage, kidney damage, retina damage, circulation problems, osteoporosis, skin problems and teeth and gum infections. If left untreated, hyperglycemia can also lead to serious health complications such as diabetic ketoacidosis, and hyperosmolar syndrome.
Nerve Damage
Hyperglycemia can lead to damage of the nerves. If left untreated, it could lead to amputation. High blood sugar can also impair the immune system, increasing the risk of infections. Patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia are prone to bacterial or fungal infections, which are exacerbated by vascular insufficiency and diabetic neuropathy.
Blindness
Hyperglycemia can also lead to retinopathy or damage to blood vessels in the retina, which can lead to blindness. Symptoms begin with focal blurring. Partial or total vision loss can occur without early detection and treatment.
Heart Disease
Hyperglycemia or poorly controlled blood glucose levels can lead to an increased amount of blood fats, cholesterol and triglycerides in the bloodstream. Elevated glucose levels can also increase clotting ability, leading to an increased risk of blockage of blood flowing to the tissues. High blood pressure can also be a result of hyperglycemia.
Kidney Disease
Kidney disease can occur with hyperglycemia due to diminished effectiveness of the kidney vessels. When the vessels in the kidney don't function properly, they can't rid the body of toxins and wastes. Dialysis may be required in some severe cases of kidney failure.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis develops when there isn't enough insulin in the body. This can produce toxic acids known as ketones. If left untreated, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma.
Diabetic Hyperosmolar Syndrome
This condition can result when the body produces enough insulin but it isn't utilized effectively. The body isn't able to utilize glucose or fat for energy, resulting in glucose being dumped into the urine and causing frequent urination. If left untreated, this condition can lead to coma and life-threatening dehydration.
