Psyllium is a seed taken from a shrub-like perennial plant called Plantago psyllium, one of five species of Plantago that are used medicinally. It has been used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine for thousands of years and for centuries in Europe. While relatively safe, psyllium must be used only as directed. Side effects are possible.
Traditional Uses
In Chinese medicine, psyllium has been used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers, type 2 diabetes and heartburn. In traditional Indian medicine, it has been used to remove toxins through the gastrointestinal tract and to treat urethritis. Psyllium is sometimes recommended to lower the risk of colon cancer, though evidence as to its effectiveness is mixed.
Benefits of Psyllium
Research substantiates the effectiveness of psyllium for several conditions. Psyllium seeds and husks contain large amounts of fiber, and the seeds are coated with mucilage. These ingredients combine with water to move gastric contents through the bowel for elimination gently, making it an effective laxative. It is also a useful stool softener for persons who should not strain when defecating. These include pregnant women, people with hemorrhoids, those with heart conditions and those who have recently had bowel surgery.
Conversely, psyllium is also useful for the treatment of diarrhea and for management of irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS. The psyllium soaks up excess water in the intestine and slows movement of intestinal contents during diarrhea associated with IBS, while its laxative effect helps in the constipation of IBS.
Psyllium can also aid in lowering serum cholesterol. Research shows that it is most effective when used daily and when it is part of lifestyle changes that includes a diet low in unsaturated fats. Results vary dependent on age, sex and physical condition.
A growing body of evidence indicates that psyllium may reduce the blood sugar in diabetics. Nonetheless, more study is needed to confirm these results and develop recommendations.
Side Effects
Side effects are possible with psyllium. They can include intestinal gas, bloating, nausea, vomiting and stomach rumbling. Rectal bleeding has been reported. Allergies are also possible. Allergies can manifest in rashes, swelling and hives. Chest tightness or pain, and swelling of the mouth, lips and throat are serious symptoms of allergy. Seek medical help immediately should you encounter these symptoms.
Precautions
Psyllium tends to expand greatly when combined with water. For this reason, people with strictures of the esophagus or any other part of the gastrointestinal system should not use psyllium due to the risk of intestinal obstruction. People with suspected of intestinal obstruction or fecal impactions should not take psyllium and should seek medical help immediately. Do not take psyllium if you have a large amount of stool to pass.
People who are debilitated or with neurological diseases that affect swallowing or the muscles of the esophagus should avoid using psyllium. Although unusual, some instances of blockage of the upper airway have occurred with resulting suffocation.
Pregnant women, children under age 12 and persons with diabetes should use psyllium only under a physician's direction.
Other Considerations
Do not take psyllium within two hours of other medications. Psyllium can slow absorption of some heart medications, anticoagulants, minerals, B vitamins and carbohydrates. Persons with diabetes may need adjustment of their insulin or oral hypoglycemic medications.
Consult your physician prior to taking psyllium if you are taking tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, cholesterol-lowering medications or lithium. Psyllium can alter the effectiveness of these medications. People with kidney disease should not take psyllium.
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