Cellulitis is a potentially serious bacterial infection that invades the skin. The skin becomes swollen and red as well as hot and tender. Infections can spread rapidly and can occur anywhere on the body or face. Cellulitis might affect only the surface of the skin or may invade the underlying skin and spread to the lymph nodes and bloodstream. When left untreated this spreading infection can become life threatening.
Causes
The most common causes of cellulitis are Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria, according to The US National Library of Medicine. Normally, the skin has many different types of bacteria that live on it. However, when there is a break in this bodily defense mechanism, the bacteria can enter and cause inflammation and infection. Individuals who have cracked or peeling skin between the toes, a history out peripheral vascular disease, animal or human bites, history of diabetes or an open wound from a recent surgery will have a higher risk of developing cellulitis. (Reference 1)
Symptoms
According to physicians at Mayo Clinic, complications from cellulitis occur when the bacteria spreads rapidly and invades tissue below the skin. The bacteria can enter the lymph nodes system and travel throughout the body or into the bloodstream. In more rare cases, the infection can spread to the deep layer of tissue beneath the skin and result in necrotizing fasciitis. Symptoms will include fever, muscle aches and pains, pain or tenderness over the area that may also have an open wound. The skin may appear tight, glossy or stretched, and there will probably be hair loss at the site of the infection. (Reference 2)
Treatment
Complications from cellulitis are a medical emergency and require immediate medical attention. According to doctors at the University of Maryland, health care providers will prescribe antibiotics for the infection and may find it necessary to surgically drain or debride any infected tissue in order to increase the potential that the antibiotics will be effective. When the bacteria have infected the bloodstream or lymphatic system patients will require hospitalization in order to receive intravenous antibiotic treatment. Doctors will also offer supportive care in the way of anti-fever medications, intravenous nutritional support and respiratory support if required. (Reference 3) According to the US National Library of Medicine, treatment will last at least seven to 10 days and possibly longer in individuals who have chronic diseases or who are more prone to infection because their immune system has been compromised. (Reference 1)
Prognosis
Depending upon the extent of the damage done by the bacterial infection, prognosis for treatment is good, according to physicians at the Mayo Clinic. It is possible to have recurrent episodes of cellulitis that, in the long term, will actually permanently damage the lymphatic drainage system in the body. This will cause a chronic swelling of the affected extremity, also known as lymphedema. In some cases, when debridement and open sores are present, scar tissue will form over. (Reference 2)
Prevention
Prevention of complications as a result of cellulitis is important both prior to becoming infected or when the infection is first recognized. According to physicians at the University of Maryland Medical Center, cellulitis can be prevented by watching any area that has been opened or cut with soap and water. Apply an antibiotic cream or ointment and cover the area with a bandage. If an individual has diabetes or circulatory problems, they should check their hands and feet daily for abrasions or cuts and keep their skin moisturized. Avoid going barefoot to prevent any open areas to the feet. If a cut or open area appears to have gotten infected, it is important to seek health care to prevent further spread and complications. (Reference 3)
