The menstrual cycle is a process that occurs in females approximately every 28 days. Each month, the uterus grows a lining in preparation for pregnancy. When pregnancy does not occur, this lining is shed which causes bleeding and may bring on many other symptoms. The normal length of time the bleeding and symptoms last, is about seven days. Bleeding or other symptoms that last longer than a week may be considered a prolonged menstrual cycle, which is called menorrhagia. If this is occurring, it is important to have the cause of a long menstrual cycle properly diagnosed, so that the right treatment approach can be prescribed.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease, or PID, is a bacterial infection within the pelvis that may affect the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes or ovaries. It can be caused by a sexually transmitted disease, from using an IUD or be due to a medical procedure, warns MedlinePlus. Symptoms include irregular or long menstrual cycles, painful intercourse, bleeding after intercourse, painful urination, weight loss, stomach cramps, nausea, fatigue and chills. Antibiotics for the patient and/or infected partner will usually help to resolve this condition.
Hormonal Imbalance
Hormones that occur naturally in the body control the menstrual cycle. Any medical condition that alters these levels of hormones such as thyroid disorders or diabetes, and/or blood-clotting disorders, can lead to prolonged periods or heavier than normal menstrual cycles, claims the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. Having a miscarriage or tubal or ectopic pregnancy also raises the risk. This symptom can also occur as a side effect of hormone medications, such as birth control bills. Treating the underlying condition or adjusting medications, can help to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Cancer
Sometimes the cause of a longer than normal menstrual cycle can not be determined. In other cases it may be a sign of uterine cancer, says the American Academy of Family Physicians. If symptoms suggestive of cancer are present or if there is a high risk for this disease, a physician can take a tissue sample to help confirm a diagnosis.
Uterine Fibroids or Polyps
Uterine fibroids and polyps are non-cancerous growths that can exist without causing symptoms or they may cause heavy or prolonged menstruation. This may or may not be accompanied by pain, frequent urination and constipation. Polyps can lead to infertility in severe cases. There are medications and surgical procedures to treat fibroids and polyps. Scans and a review of the patient's medical history and symptoms can help determine of fibroids or polyps are causing heavy or prolonged menstruation.
