Skin hyperpigmentation is a darkening of the skin. Some people may only experience localized hyperpigmentation, but others can have blotches of discolored skin across their entire body, according to the University of Florida Shands Cancer Center. Although the condition can cause you concern about your appearance, it is not usually serious and can often be treated at home. If you are concerned about hyperpigmentation, schedule a visit with a dermatologist for a consultation.
How It Happens
Hyperpigmentation is related to the melanin content in your skin. When dark patches develop, it is because excess melanin--a skin pigment--forms a deposit in that area of the skin, according to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Melanin is the same pigment that causes skin to tan when exposed to the sun. The opposite of hyperpigmentation--called hypopigmentation--can develop when melanin levels are low in certain areas and the skin is noticeably lighter in appearance.
Types of Hyperpigmentation
Several common skin characteristics or skin traits are actually forms of hyperpigmentation. Age spots, also called liver spots, are one form of hyperpigmentation, according to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology. Freckles, too, are spots on the skin where it is darkened because of high melanin content in those areas. Other forms of hyperpigmentation include melasma and chloasma. These spots appear similar to age spots and are often caused by hormonal changes such as when women are pregnant or taking oral contraceptives.
Causes
Several factors can contribute to hyperpigmentation. In the cases of age spots, sun exposure plays a role in the skin becoming abnormally darkened. In some people, freckles also develop as a result of sun exposure. Conditions that cause inflammation of the skin can also be involved. For example, people with acne, which causes inflammation, can develop hyperpigmentation. Finally, certain medications are known to increase a person's risk of skin darkening. In particular, several chemotherapy drugs have been linked to the condition, according to the University of Florida Shands Cancer Center.
When to Be Concerned
For the most part, skin hyperpigmentation is not serious. In many cases, the adverse affect on your appearance is the biggest downfall. However, some cases of hyperpigmentation should be reported to your doctor to ensure they are not a sign of a more serious skin condition. If you notice spots of darkened skin that suddenly become darker or change in shape or texture, it could indicate a mole or skin lesion that is cancerous, according to Medline Plus. When your pigmentation changes rapidly and continually without explanation, you should also be evaluated by a doctor.
Treatment
Skin hyperpigmentation does not typically have to be treated, but some people prefer to because they do not like their appearance. If desired, you can use skin-lightening creams that are available over the counter. Your dermatologist can examine your skin to determine whether these may be effective for you. You can also try using makeup to cover the dark spots. To prevent further skin darkening, you should also avoid sun exposure, Medline Plus advises.
