As of 2010, there is no known cure for multiple sclerosis; however, several therapies are available to treat, and in some cases reduce, the symptoms of the disease. The majority of treatment protocols for patients with MS are prescription medications delivered by self-injection, and may depend upon the type and frequency of relapses. Proper management of MS requires cooperation and communication between the primary care physician, medical assistants, the patient and pharmacist, according to the Mayo Clinic.
Beta Interferons
Beta interferons are prescribed to reduce the number of flare-ups in ambulatory MS patients with the relapsing form of MS. Beta interferons are genetically engineered copies of proteins that fight infection and help to calm the immune system. They are delivered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection between one to three times per week according to the manufacturer's specifications. Bruising and inflammation at the area of injection are common, as are muscle aches, night sweats and flu symptoms. According to the website, All About Multiple Sclerosis, high doses of beta interferons are associated with mild liver toxicity. Beta interferons are sold under the brand names Rebif, Avonex and Betaseron.
Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are synthetic derivatives of cortisol, the natural steroid produced by the adrenal glands. Corticosteroids regulate the body's immune system and are frequently prescribed to reduce the inflammation that accompanies the effects of an MS relapse. Corticosteroids are delivered by oral or intravenous transfusion, and the benefits are proportional to the frequency and dose of the drug. Short-term side effects of corticosteroids may include weight gain, nausea, increased appetite and a noticeable decrease in energy. Prolonged use of corticosteroids is associated with osteoporosis, high blood pressure, belly weight and moon face--a rounding of the face that results from redistribution of body fat, according to DermNet NZ.
Glatiramer Acetate
Glatiramer acetate, brand name Copaxone, is a synthetic combination of four amino acids that works in a similar manner as beta interferons. Studies suggest that a long-term treatment protocol increases the effectiveness of Copaxone, according to principle investigator, Kenneth Johnson, M.D. of the University of Maryland Medical Center. A follow-up survey of patients who took Copaxone for 35 months had 32 percent fewer relapses than a placebo group, a three percent improvement over those who received therapy for 24 months. The most common side effects of Copaxone include skin flushing, joint pain and muscle stiffness, and shortness of breath. Most side effects tend to dissipate shortly after the treatment without intervention.
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