The shoulder has the widest range of motion and is the most mobile joint in the body. It is a ball-and-socket joint between the rounded head of the arm bone, or humerus, and the smooth depression in the shoulder blade, or scapula. Numerous muscles and tendons provide a wide range of motion where the outer end of the collarbone or clavicle attaches to the top of the shoulder by ligaments. Injuries to the supporting structures of the shoulder are common when playing sports.
Muscle Strains
Pain resulting from a muscle strain of the shoulder at the point where it attaches to the humerus may result from repeated shoulder movements, as can occur with swimming the backstroke or lifting weights. If the tear is complete, it usually requires surgical repair.
Dislocations
Both the acromioclavicular joint and the shoulder joint can be partially or totally dislocated causing severe pain because of a fall or a severe impact during contact sports. According to MayoClinic.com, treatment involves manipulating the joint back into place and immobilizing it until healing is complete. Occasionally, surgery is necessary to stabilize the joint, especially if the dislocation occurs more than once.
Fractures
According to the American Society for Surgery of the Hand, pain as a result of a fracture around the shoulder may involve the clavicle, scapula or head of the humerus. These fractures often result from a fall or severe blow to the shoulder. X-rays can verify the break. Treatment depends on the location and type of fracture.
Rotator Cuff Injury
A common cause of shoulder pain is strain of the rotator cuff. The pain occurs when the arm moves away from the side of the body. According to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, as the tendon rubs against the acromion, the part of the shoulder blade nearest the joint, it becomes inflamed and painful. A rupture or tear of the rotator cuff may result from heavy lifting, a powerful throw or a severe fall on the shoulder.
Synovitis and Bursitis
Excessive shoulder exercise, or any shoulder injury, may lead to synovitis, a painful inflammation of the joint lining and tissues surrounding the shoulder. An anti-inflammatory medication may be required to reduce the inflammation.
According to MedlinePlus, pain and inflammation of a bursa, one of the fluid-filled sacs that cushion the shoulder tendons from the bones, results from an injury or repetitive movement of the shoulder joint. Treatment involves rest followed by gentle exercise, and physicians often prescribe anti-inflammatory drugs as well.
