ADHD, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, is divided into four types: primarily inattentive, characterized by such symptoms as difficulty sustaining attention, organization and following instructions; primarily hyperactive-impulsive, characterized by difficulty engaging in activities quietly, interrupting or intruding, always "on the go"; a combination of the previous two; and a fourth type that includes symptoms that do not quite fit the other types. Interventions may include educational planning, counseling and drug therapy.
Methylphenidate
Methylphenidate is commonly known by its brand name of Ritalin. Like most other ADHD drugs, it is a central nervous system stimulant. The exact mechanism of action is unknown. It comes in standard and extended release formulas. The most common side effects of methylphenidate are nervousness and insomnia. Additional side effects may include allergies, weight loss, gastrointestinal problems, dizziness, heart palpitations, headache and blood pressure changes.
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine
Like methylphenidate, amphetamine-dextroamphetamine, or Adderall, is a central nervous system stimulant that comes in standard and extended release forms. It increases the chemicals norepinephrine and dopamine which signal brain cells to increase activity, but its exact mechanism in the treatment of ADHD is not known. Side effects are similar to methylphenidate, and may include emotional irritability or withdrawal, insomnia, decreased appetite, gastrointestinal upset, headache and psychosis at excessive doses.
Other Drugs
Modafinil is being investigated for potential use in the treatment of ADHD. A second-line, non-stimulant medication for use in ADHD is atomoxetine, brand name Strattera. Third-line medications may be used or added to treat other symptoms such as major depression, unproductive obsessive activities or hyperfocusing on activities. These include the drugs bupropion and venlafaxine. A class of antidepressants known as tricyclics may be used for bed-wetting, insomnia and poor appetite. Other medications for modulating such symptoms as conduct problems or tics include guanfacine, clonidine, carbamazepine, beta blockers, divalproex, risperidone for severe Oppositional Defiant Disorder and bupropion for aggression.
