Squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue is most common in people who smoke or drink excessively, according to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Other risk factors include long-term irritation from dental cavities, chewing tobacco or betel nuts, or overusing mouthwash. Treatment options depend on the age and health of the patient, as well as the location and extent of the growth. If the cancer is detected early, before the lymph nodes become involved, the 5-year survival rate is more than 50 percent, according to the Merck Manual; lymph node metastases reduce the survival rate by 50 percent.
Surgical Intervention
Several types of surgical procedures may be appropriate for patients with cancer of the tongue. A smaller growth located in the front of the tongue may be removed while leaving part of the tongue intact, according to MayoClinic.com. A larger tumor or one in the back of the tongue, however, may require removal of part or all of the tongue, the larynx, or voice box, and sometimes part of the jaw. Cancers that have spread to the lymph nodes require surgery on the neck as well. These procedures can cause disfigurement that interferes with speech and eating, so reconstructive surgery may be needed to improve the patient's quality of life. Plastic surgery, skin grafts and dental implants may also be needed to restore the patient's appearance and improve his emotional outlook.
Radiation
Radiation therapy using high-energy X-rays may be used instead of--or in addition to--surgery. Depending upon the stage of the growth, a physician may order external or internal radiation therapy to kill the cancer cells. External radiation is delivered through a machine that is directed at the affected area; internal radiation is placed into or near the growth using needles, "seeds," catheters or wires. In the late stages of cancer of the tongue, radiation therapy can relieve pain and other symptoms of the disease by shrinking the tumor. Side effects of radiation therapy include sores, bleeding gums, fatigue, stiffness in the jaw, radiation burns, tooth decay and dry mouth, according to MayoClinic.com.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy--anti-cancer drugs administered by mouth or through an intravenous line--kills cancer cells or prevents them from dividing. Chemotherapy is not used routinely for cancer of the tongue, but some patients may benefit from it, according to the Cleveland Clinic. Side effects of chemotherapy may include hair loss, nausea and vomiting, according to MayoClinic.com.
