Dry skin, or xerodermis, is a common condition in which the outer layer of the skin becomes dry, tight, flaky and itchy. It is particularly prevalent during the winter months, when hot and dry indoor air, exposure to cold and wind, and lower humidity can all dehydrate the skin. Although dry skin can be uncomfortable, both physically and in terms of one's self-image, the good news is that most cases respond well to simple lifestyle measures and treatment at home.
Types of Moisturizers
The term moisturizer refers to any preparation that increases the skin's hydration, and several formulations fall under this category. A true moisturizer is a product that is designed to add moisture, while emollients are ingredients that soften, such as mineral oil and lanolin. Humectants retain the skin's natural moisture. Any of these can be an ingredient in a product that is labeled as a moisturizer. The choice of which type to use is largely a matter of personal preference, although it is advisable to avoid heavy chemicals and fragrances, as these further dry the skin. In general, the heavier the preparation, the more protection it will provide. Lotions are the lightest type of moisturizer, followed by creams, which are mid-weight, and ointments, which are heavier and often contain petrolatum. Dermatologist Dr. Barbara Reed recommends Cetaphil cream, Vaseline petroleum jelly, Eucerin cream, and Aquaphor for spot treatment of very dry skin.
Shielding Lotions
Shielding lotions are a relatively new product, and differ from regular lotion in that they form a more protective barrier for the skin that does not easily rub off. Dr. Peter Helton, board-certified dermatologist, says that shielding lotions are "so important. They help prevent exposure by bonding with and protecting the skin. A shielding lotion will not only add moisture to your skin, but also help stop the loss of your natural moisture." Some of the more popular brands of shielding lotion are Gloves in a Bottle and Skin MD Natural.
Exfoliators
Exfoliators work to remove the outer layer of dead skin, revealing fresh, softer skin beneath. The means of exfoliation can be manual, as in formulations that contain small particles that scrub away skin, or chemical. Lactic acid, which is derived from milk, is one common type of chemical exfoliant for dry skin and can be found in lotions, masks, and both home and professional-grade facial peels. Because exfoliation can be irritating, particularly to very dry or sensitive skin, over-the-counter exfoliators should be used only a few times per week, and their use discontinued in the event of redness, increased itching or other adverse reactions.
Preventive Measures
Many minor cases of dry, flaky skin respond well to simple preventive measures that can help to keep the skin hydrated properly. These include drinking adequate water, adding moisture to indoor air with a humidifier as needed and protecting the skin from harsh chemicals such as household cleaners, wherever possible. The National Skin Care Institute also recommends keeping the temperature in the house at a moderate level, neither cold nor hot, and using natural cleaning and self-care products.
Considerations
Although most cases of dry skin can be treated at home, it is important to know when to consult a dermatologist for the problem, as more serious dry skin can be a sign of a condition such as eczema. You may wish to see a doctor if your skin is so dry that you are in discomfort and self-help measures are not working. The Mayo Clinic also suggests that you consult a doctor if: you get open sores or infections, your skin becomes very red or covers large areas of the body and if dryness and itchiness are so severe that they interfere with your ability to get a good night's rest.
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