A breast biopsy is a common procedure used to diagnose a breast lump and assess the characteristics of a breast tumor. Breast biopsies involve the removal of a small piece of breast tissue, which can then be analyzed using medical testing and microscopy. Patients who undergo a breast biopsy face a risk of complications following the procedure.
Infection
A common complication associated with a breast biopsy is a risk of infection at the biopsy site, according to the University of Michigan. During less invasive biopsy procedures, a needle pierces the skin as it travels towards the breast lump, while during a more invasive procedure the breast may be cut open for the biopsy. Following the biopsy, bacteria and viruses may enter the breast through the broken skin and cause a breast infection. An infection following a biopsy may lead to swelling, redness and pain in the affected breast. Patients can decrease the risk of developing an infection following a biopsy by following the instructions for post-biopsy wound care closely.
Scarring
Another possible complication that can occur from some biopsies is the development of scars after the procedure, according to Medline Plus. Scarring typically occurs only after invasive breast biopsy procedures. Surgical biopsies can leave short line of scarring, while large needle biopsies can leave a circular scar. Less invasive procedures, such as small needle biopsies, do not typically result in scarring. Breast biopsies can also cause internal scarring, which can diminish breast imaging capability in the future and may obscure future breast lumps. Using the least invasive biopsy method possible minimizes scarring after the procedure.
Lymphedema
Another possible complication from some forms of breast biopsy is lymphedema, which occurs when a breast biopsy includes removal of lymph nodes--small structures that help make up the immune system--around the breast. These biopsies are typically performed in patients with cancerous breast lumps, since breast cancer readily spreads to the lymph nodes. Since lymph nodes connect by lymph vessels and help circulate lymph fluid, removing lymph nodes disrupts the flow of lymph fluid. The lymph fluid collects in the arm and hand on the affected side, leading to pain and difficulty moving. According to Imaginis, performing light exercises following the biopsy helps reduce the risk of developing lymphedema.
