Esophageal cancer is typically an aggressive cancer that is usually not discovered until it is in an advanced stage, according to the journal American Family Physician. Causes include gastroesophageal reflux disease, alcohol, smoking, obesity and infection with Helicobactor pylori, the organism that causes most stomach ulcers. The main signs of esophageal cancer are difficulty swallowing, painful swallowing and unexplained weight loss. Early evaluation of symptoms by a physician increases the chance for successful treatment. (Reference 3)
Unexplained Weight Loss
One of the most common signs of esophageal cancer is unexplained weight loss. If 10 percent or more of body weight is lost in six months, it is considered a sign that may indicate serious disease. This type of weight loss is known as cachexia, or wasting, and is not only due to swallowing problems but also to an increase in the metabolic rate caused by the cancer, the American Cancer Society explains. (Reference 1)
Painful Swallowing
In its early stages, esophageal cancer may not show any signs, says the National Cancer Institute. As it advances, a common warning sign is painful swallowing. The pain may also occur in the chest or back. (Reference 4) Pain due to esophageal cancer is often described as pressure or burning in the chest. Because these signs also occur with disorders such as heartburn, they are rarely taken seriously, according to the American Cancer Society. Because the growing cancer partially blocks the esophagus and food or drink has difficulty bypassing it, pain can be felt shortly after swallowing. (Reference 1)
Hoarseness, Hiccups and Chronic Cough
A hoarse voice, recurring hiccups and a chronic cough may also be warning signs of esophageal cancer, Sloan-Kettering Memorial Cancer Center says. (Reference 2) If any of these symptoms persist for longer than two weeks, they should be evaluated by a physician. (Reference 4)
Difficulty Swallowing
Difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, is a major warning sign of esophageal cancer, the American Cancer Society says. It is the most common sign, and it gets progressively worse as the cancer grows and blocks the esophagus. Dysphagia can cause the sensation of food being stuck in the chest or throat. Sufferers may change their eating habits without even realizing it, doing things such as taking smaller bites, chewing food more, eating softer foods or even giving up solid food completely. In time, even liquids are unable to pass the blockage. Complaints of increased saliva or mucus are common. (Reference 1)
Bleeding
In some cases, esophageal cancer may cause bleeding. The stools may turn black if bleeding is significant, which indicates swallowed blood. (Reference 1)
