Congestion is characterized by a stuffy nose or obstruction in the sinus cavity that impairs the ability to breathe properly through the nose, according to Medline Plus. It is commonly thought to be the result of excessive mucus; however, swollen and inflamed sinuses are more commonly to blame. The sinus cavity is sensitive and can become irritated easily by allergens, viral infections and bacteria.
Allergies
According to the Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America, or the AAFA, allergies are a reaction of the immune system to substances that are recognized by the person's body as a potentially dangerous substance. An allergen is the substance that triggers the reaction in the immune system. When an allergen enters the body, the immune system will attempt to defend itself by releasing fighting agents called antibodies. Antibodies cause mast cells to produce histamine which causes mucus membranes to produce mucus and cells in the sinuses, eyes and throat to become damaged. The damaging of the cells is what produces common allergy symptoms such as sinus congestion. The inflamed sinus cavity cuts off the ability to breathe through the nose and blocks nasal discharge.
Structural Abnormalities
Structural abnormalities such as a deviated septum and nasal polyps can cause chronic nasal conditions. According to the American Academy of Otolaryngology, a deviated septum is an off-centered middle wall of the nose. An estimated 80 percent of people have a deviated septum. Minor occurrence can go unnoticed and may not affect a person's ability to breathe. In more moderate to severe cases, the crooked septum could restrict a person's ability to breathe, leading to trapped mucus, sinusitis or chronic congestion.
According to MayoClinic.com, nasal polyps are benign growths along the sinuses and nostrils. Nasal polyps are more common in people who suffer from allergies, chronic sinus infections or asthma. Nasal polyps are treated with nasal corticosteroid sprays that shrink their size and can eliminate them. In some cases, sinus surgery may be required.
Sinusitis
Sinusitis is a condition in which the nasal cavity becomes inflamed, according to FamilyDoctor.org. Sinusitis is the result of the development of bacteria or a viral infection. Infected sinuses can cause pain with severe congestion. Sinus infections are treated with over-the-counter medications such as decongestants and pain relievers. In some cases, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics for bacterial infections.
