Gum disease, also known as periodontal disease, is a serious and chronic infection of the gum tissue around the teeth, which can destroy gum tissue as well as the bone that anchors the teeth in their sockets. Healthy gums are pink and easy to identify. Very early signs of gum disease may not be as easy to recognize, or, if changes are noticed, they may not be taken seriously enough to seek dental care. Oral care involves not only proper dental hygiene, but also, knowing what gum disease is like at each stage.
Gingivitis
The first stage is inflammation of the gum tissue, or gingivitis. This process begins when bacteria in plaque builds up enough to irritate and inflame the gums. Gingivitis is both the earliest and mildest type of gum disease. Symptoms may include red, swollen and inflamed gums that bleed easily during brushing, flossing or eating hard foods. At this point, cleaning that consists of major brushing, flossing, and professional dental care can remove excess plaque and reverse the disease process. If the needed oral care does not occur, the disease progresses to the next stage.
Mild Periodontitis
Mild periodontitis differs from gingivitis in that the disease process goes beyond the gum tissue and attacks the bone that anchors the teeth in place. Bone is now involved and consequently, the gums may start to separate from the teeth. This results in "pockets" that the infectious process fills with plaque and bacteria. As bone erosion moves deeper, teeth may loosen.
Advanced Periodontitis
In the third stage, advanced periodontitis, the disease results in further deterioration of bone. Bone does not regenerate or grow back, and at least half of the dental bone structure is destroyed. The teeth then shift and move during chewing, and the bite is altered along with the ability to chew. This shifting movement of loose and unanchored teeth is the process of pathologic migration. Dental treatment at this stage typically involves surgical intervention.
