Meningococcal meningitis, an infection of the tissues surrounding the brain, is caused by the bacteria Neisseria meningitidis, or meningococcus. The World Health Organization says this bateria is very contagious and can cause epidemics of meningitis. Even with early detection and treatment, the disease is fatal in about 5 percent to 10 percent of patients. Survivors can suffer from serious neurological complications.
Fever, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting
Menningococal meningitis develops rapidly and can lead to death within hours. Acute symptoms include fever, severe headache, nausea, vomiting and photophobia, meaning aversion to light. A physical exam reveals a stiff neck; if the patient's head is flexed forward, his knee bends in an attempt to relieve the pressure on the irritated meninges. Adults are often confused and disoriented. As explained by Merck.com, young children are often irritable or lethargic, and may have seizures. Swelling of the brain, in particular in adults, can lead to coma, which indicates a poor prognosis.
Rash, Arthritis, Pericarditis
The bacteria spread quickly throughout the entire bloodstream, leading to death of tissues in various organs. Meningococcal meningitis is often accompanied by a rash, which consists of red and purple spots. Arthritis and pericarditis--an inflammation of the layers surrounding the heart--may occur. Bleeding may occur in the intestines. Bleeding in the adrenal glands causes them to stop producing adrenaline. The combination of diffuse bleeding in the entire body and lack of adrenaline--a hormone needed to maintain blood pressure under conditions of stress--can lead to circulatory collapse, shock and death.
Long-Term Complications
Serious neurological complications may follow the acute infection. Young children may suffer from mental retardation and hearing loss. According to "Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology," about 10 percent of affected children suffer from permanent hearing loss. Brain damage can occur at any age. Seizures may persist, requiring lifelong treatment. Paralysis may occur. Chronic hydrocephalus, meaning accumulation of fluid in the brain's ventricles, can lead to gait disturbances and confusion.
References
- World Health Organization: Meningitis
- Merck.com: Acute Bacterial Meningitis
- "Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology"; Maurice Victor and Allan Ropper; 2001
