Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by killing microorganisms and preventing them from reproducing. This provides the body with enough time to use its defenses and eliminate the invading bacteria. Doctors use different types of antibiotics when learning what type of bacteria has caused infections in patients during tests and examinations. Antibiotics are developed from bacteria or molds to fight various infections. Like many medications, antibiotics can have side effects.
Common Side Effects
Upset stomach and diarrhea may occur for some people taking antibiotics, according to the Merck Manuals Online Medical Library. Side effects may include fungal infections of the mouth and digestive tract. Women may suffer from vaginal yeast infections. More severe reactions include the development of colitis from antibiotics. Colitis, an inflammation of the large intestine, may result from toxins produced by bacteria called Clostridium difficile. Antibiotics kill other bacteria, but the type that causes colitis may be resistant to antibiotics. Impairment of the kidneys, liver, bone marrow or other organs may occur from use of antibiotics. Doctors may perform blood tests on patients to check on the effects on organs when prescribing antibiotics.
Rare Side Effects
Kidney stones may occur rarely when taking sulphonamides, according to Medical News Today. Abnormal blood clotting may occur from cephalosporins. Other rare side effects include blood disorders when taking trimethoprim, sun sensitivity from tetracyclines and deafness when using aminoglycosides or erythromycin.
Allergic Reactions
Antibiotics may cause allergic reactions that include mild cases of itchy rash or wheezing. However, severe reactions can occur. Anaphylaxis can cause swelling of the throat, difficulty breathing and low blood pressure. These symptoms indicate immediate medical attention because of the possibility of death. People can usually continue to take antibiotics when minor side effects occur. Doctors may prescribe other drugs to deal with allergic reactions. People who know they suffer certain allergies from antibiotics need to tell their doctors.
Antibiotic Resistance
Overuse of antibiotics may cause the body to resist the medication. Bacteria can change over time, especially when exposed to repeated or misuse of antibiotics. The bacteria can develop a resistance to the effectiveness of the substance. Researchers continue to develop new antibiotics to combat changing bacteria. The bacteria can still develop a resistance over time; so new antibiotics are developed in an ongoing process. Doctors advise people to take antibiotics only when necessary. Antibiotics are meant for bacteria and not for viruses such as the cold or flu. Patients should also finish all of their prescription medicine to eliminate infections and prevent bacteria from becoming resistant.
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