Frostbite occurs when skin becomes frozen after exposure to cold temperatures or harsh winter climates. Although any area of the body is susceptible to frostbite, fingers, toes, ears and the nose are most at risk. Frostnip is the first stage of frostbite, according to Northwestern Health Sciences University. Prolonged cold exposure results in severe frostbite that causes muscles, tendons and blood vessels to freeze. Recognizing the signs of frostnip and seeking immediate relief from the cold can prevent severe frostbite from occurring.
Skin Changes
The body reacts to cold exposure by pulling blood away from the extremities to the core. This allows blood and heat to circulate to critical organs like the brain, heart and lungs. Frostbite can occur in just minutes in extreme cold. A person with early signs of frostbite may notice her fingers or toes turn bright red. As blood is pulled away from the extremities, the fingers will become blanched, or turn white. Skin may also appear blotchy, with a mixture of red and white patches. Fingers and toes affected by early frostbite may become swollen. Skin with early frostbite will feel supple to the touch, while more severe frostbite causes skin to feel hard or rubbery.
Sensation Changes
Early frostbite may cause a stinging or pins-and-needles sensation in the affected area. Skin may throb or ache. MedlinePlus advises that a loss of feeling will occur soon after if skin is left exposed. Gentle re-warming, such as blowing on the affected skin or applying a warm, moist towel, will restore feeling and sensation to early frostbitten skin.
Progressive Symptoms
Skin with early signs of frostbite is at risk of suffering deeper damage if left exposed. Signs of progressing frostbite include blisters, blackened skin and inability to flex joints in affected extremities, or skin that feels solid or hard to the touch. If left untreated, this more severe frostbite can lead to gangrene, loss of skin tissue and permanent joint disability.
