Opioids are a class of drugs with analgesic properties, along with powerful addictive and physiological properties. They are prescribed for short-term pain management. Commonly prescribed opioids are codeine; hydrocodone, also called Vicodin; morphine; oxycodone, sold as OxyContin; and fentanyl. Opioids cause side effects that can affect multiple organ systems, such as the central nervous system as well as the gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Gastrointestinal Effects
Chronic opioid use causes a number of gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea and appetite loss, stomach cramps and constipation. The constipation symptoms can be treated with combination stool softeners and motility medications. Loss of appetite is commonly seen in patients. Nausea and vomiting are often managed with anti-nausea, or antiemetic, drugs.
Central Nervous System Side Effects
Dizziness, drowsiness, decreased concentration and loss of coordination are common side effects of opioid use. The drugs can increase fatigue, reduce sex drive and increase the chance of headaches. One significant consequence of high doses of opioids is the negative effect on the respiratory system, leading to severely depressed breathing that can result in death.
Autonomic Abnormalities
Opioids can cause side effects on the autonomic system of the body. Multiple organ systems are directly affected. Common symptoms are sweating, hot flashes, muscle spasms and contractions, dry mouth and itching. Legs and feet can become swollen and painful. Some patients complain of urinary problems, such as having difficulty urinating. Dry mouth can increase the risks of dental caries.
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