A compost pile turns leftover food waste, certain household waste and yard waste into nutrient-rich compost, ideal for use in the garden. The speed of decomposition and success of your compost pile depends on particular variables. Balancing the variables correctly results in quick decomposition and a compost pile that isn't smelly or slimy.
Type of Materials
A compost bin needs both carbon and nitrogen materials to break down properly. Green or wet materials, such as grass clippings and food scraps, provide the nitrogen. Brown and dry materials, such as dead leaves, wood chips and straw, supply the carbon. According to the University of Illinois Extension, a carbon to nitrogen ratio between 25:1 and 30:1 is the best balance for a compost bin, although an exact ratio isn't necessary. Too much nitrogen can make your compost bin smelly. Too much carbon can slow decomposition.
Moisture
Moisture supports the organisms that break down the compost bin materials. A dry compost bin causes the bacteria to slow down, according to the University of Illinois Extension. A high moisture level can throw off the aerobic and anaerobic bacteria balance, causing a smelly compost pile. The green materials you add to the compost bin already contain some moisture, while the brown materials will likely need added water for proper decomposition. The materials should be damp without being saturated.
Oxygen
Oxygen aids the bacteria in producing energy, allowing them to break down material faster. Too much air, in the form of wind or other sources, may cause the pile to dry out quickly. Vents or holes in the compost bin allow air to enter the pile. Turning the contents of the compost bin with a shovel helps add oxygen to the mix. Stir the contents once every week or two.
Temperature
A compost bin heats up due to the microorganisms that are breaking down the materials. A slow decomposition of the materials results in a lower pile temperature. Excessive temperatures may cause some of the bacteria to die off. The University of Illinois Extension recommends a compost pile temperature between 90 and 140 degrees Fahrenheit for the fastest breakdown of materials.
Size of Material
The size of the material you place in your bin affects the rate that the items decompose. Smaller pieces break down faster than larger pieces. Cut up your food scraps, twigs and other large items to aid the process.
