The gallbladder is a small sac located in the abdomen above the liver. Gallstones are formed when liquid that is stored in the gallbladder, bile, hardens into small pebble-like pieces. There are two types of gallstones--those made of cholesterol and those composed of bilirubin. Cholesterol stones are the most common type of gallstones. Gallstones can block the normal flow of bile, causing severe pain and even death if untreated.
Causes of Gallstones
According to the National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse (NDDIC), gallstones made of cholesterol are thought to be caused by two major reasons. Too much cholesterol and the combination of too much bilirubin and not enough bile salts can result in a buildup of stones. The rate and degree at which the gallbladder empties is also a contributing factor. The causes of pigment stones are not fully understood. The NDDIC lists diets high in fat and cholesterol and low in fiber as a risk factor for gallstone development.
Fat and Cholesterol
Diets high in fat and cholesterol can cause the formation of gallstones. For individuals who are prone to gallstones, it is best to limit foods that are fatty and high in cholesterol. Animal products are a major source of saturated fat and cholesterol. Eggs, dairy products and fatty meats should be eaten in moderation. Individuals should opt for lean meats such as turkey and chicken or seafood. Cooking methods also need to be adapted to help lower fat and cholesterol. Frying and sauteing are methods that result in higher levels of fat. Boiling, steaming and baking are options for cooking that can reduce fat and cholesterol without sacrificing flavor.
Fiber
Diets low in fiber can contribute to the development of gallstones as well. Fiber helps regulate the digestive system and allows bile to move through the system quicker. Gallstones are sometimes caused by incomplete emptying or delayed emptying of bile from the gallbladder. Increasing fiber in the diet can help avoid the development of gallstones. Fiber is found in a large variety of food sources. Raw fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of dietary fiber. Replacing white rice and enriched bread products with brown rice and whole-grain options will increase fiber as well. Beans are a great source of fiber that can be included in a wide variety of dishes.
Meal Sizes
The gallbladder plays an important role in the digestion of foods. For this reason, it is important for patients to pay special attention to meal sizes and timing. Individuals should reduce meal size and eat more frequently. Smaller meals will allow the digestive system time to digest the foods eaten as well as allow the gallbladder adequate time to empty completely.
Weight is also an important factor to control for individuals with a history of gallstones. Being overweight can increase the likelihood of gallstones. Although adopting a low-fat diet may lead to weight loss, it is important to avoid overeating as well.
Liquid Diets
Clear liquid diets are often used during treatment of gallstones if surgery is warranted. Clear liquid diets includes juice, water, broths and gelatin. Clear liquids provide the digestive system much needed rest and can often allow the gallstones to pass if small enough. Clear liquids are a necessity after surgery to allow the digestive system time to regain function. After gallbladder removal, it is important to advance the diet slowly and as tolerated. When fats are added back into the diet, they should be added slowly to ensure that they can be well tolerated. It is still very important to opt for low-fat versions of foods when available and adhere to an overall low-fat diet.
