Neuropathy involves damage to the nerves, which affects communication between the brain and body. The symptoms of neuropathy depend on what nerves become affected. For example, damage to the motor nerves causes problems with walking and muscle control. Once a doctor diagnoses a patient with neuropathy, she can put him on an appropriate treatment plan.
Types
One type of neuropathy is peripheral neuropathy, which MedlinePlus explains can affect the motor, sensory and autonomic nerves. Some patients have autonomic neuropathy, which affects the nerves that control different organs, such as the bladder. The MayoClinic.com points out that some patients have radioculoplexus neuropathy, which affects the nerves by the hips and shoulders. Patients can have mononeuropathy, also called focal neuropathy, in which only one nerve becomes affected.
Causes
Neuropathy can result from multiple conditions. For example, diabetes can cause diabetic neuropathy, and alcohol abuse can lead to alcoholic neuropathy. MedlinePlus notes that certain hereditary diseases, such as Friedreich's ataxia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, can cause neuropathy. Other causes of neuropathy include infections, such as HIV and AIDS; exposure to poisons like nitrous oxide; and the use of certain drugs, such as some of the drugs used in chemotherapy.
Tests
A doctor will run several tests when diagnosing neuropathy. The MayoClinic.com explains that a doctor may perform an electromyography, which measures the electrical signal sent out from the nerves, which is how they communicate. Blood tests for kidney function, vitamin levels, thyroid function, liver function and blood sugar levels are also done. The doctor may do a nerve biopsy, in which he examines a sample of the nerve tissue for any abnormalities. MedlinePlus adds that other parts of a neuropathy diagnosis include a physical examination, neurological examination and scans, such as an X-ray.
Treatment
MedlinePlus points out that when treating neuropathy, the doctor will treat the underlying cause. For example, if alcohol abuse caused the neuropathy, the doctor will recommend that the patient stop drinking. Medications can manage the pain symptoms. Examples include phenytoin, an anticonvulsant, and duloxetine, a tricyclic antidepressant. Patients may benefit from physical or occupational therapy, which can help with movement problems. Other treatment options include using supportive devices, such as a wheelchair or brace, and installing safety devices, like railing and adequate lighting.
Prognosis
MedlinePlus notes that no cure exists for neuropathy with a hereditary cause. With severe neuropathy, permanent nerve damage can occur. Some patients have an excellent prognosis if the doctor treats the underlying cause successfully.
Complications
Complications can occur with neuropathy. For example, problems with breathing or swallowing can occur. Patients may have a partial or complete loss of movement or sensation. The loss of control of certain bodily functions can result in decreased self-esteem. MedlinePlus points out that neuropathy patients can sustain injuries that go unnoticed; if these injuries become infected, they may result in an amputation. Neuropathy that affects the autonomic nerves can result in irregular heart rhythms. If impotence occurs, patients can have relationship problems.
