Serotonin is a neurotransmitter found in the brain. It is a chemical messenger that the brain and nerve cells throughout the body rely on to function properly. Too much can cause a disorder called serotonin syndrome. Too little can cause anxiety, depression and other mental and behavioral disorders. Antidepressants like Paxil and Prozac are prescribed to elevate serotonin levels and bring them back into balance.
Brain Effects
Serotonin is manufactured in the brain by neurons. It acts a neurotransmitter relaying messages between nerve cells. Low levels of serotonin can cause mood swings, depression and can affect how a person reacts to drugs and alcohol. Serotonin levels also affect the brain's memory and learning capabilities. Dopamine and norepinephrine are also neurotransmitters that may act along with serotonin as antidepressants. According to Pharmacorama, serotonin can also affect sleep patterns, appetite and body temperature. Serotonin levels may affect other involuntary reactions in the body as well.
Serotonin Syndrome
Serotonin syndrome is caused by taking medications that elevate serotonin levels. Too much of a specific medication or adding two medications together can cause serotonin levels to rise. Too much serotonin can cause numerous reactions that in some cases may be fatal. Within a few hours of taking the medication, high serotonin levels may cause shivering, headaches, vomiting, seizures, high fever and irregular heartbeat. Dilated pupils and loss of muscle coordination may also occur. Immediate medical attention is advised if any of these symptoms are seen.
Muscle Effects
Serotonin affects the involuntary actions of most systems in the body, including various muscles. In the muscles of the cardiovascular system it can either constrict or dilate vessels depending on their original size and function. Vasodilation usually occurs when heart vessels are healthy, while vasoconstriction occurs if they have been damaged or have other issues. Serotonin is also responsible for uterine contractions, dilation of bronchial tubes and a host of other vital processes in the body, notes Pharmacorama. In the digestive system, the release of serotonin can cause vomiting, diarrhea and nausea.
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