According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, studies have reported that between 40 and 50 million people in the United States suffer from allergies. Allergy medications come in various forms and can be either prescribed by a health care provider or bought over-the-counter, depending on the medication. The different kinds of drugs carry different side effects, most of which are tolerable.
Corticosteroids
Typically only available by prescription, corticosteroids treat allergies by reducing and preventing inflammation by blocking allergic reactions, according to the Mayo Clinic. They can be administered orally, nasally, topically, or given as eyedrops or inhalants. Depending on the type of allergic reaction the medicine is treating, the mode of administration and side effects can vary. Oral corticosteroids are usually only prescribed for a short time, but prolonged use may cause osteoporosis, cataracts and, in children, delayed growth. Nasal corticosteroids are less likely to cause side effects than those taken orally, says the Mayo Clinic, but the side effects may still include nasal irritation and nosebleeds. Topical corticosteroids may cause skin irritation or discoloration in some people, and eyedrop corticosteroids can cause blurred vision. Inhaled forms of corticosteroids, like those used to treat asthma, typically do not have adverse side effects, but some people may have a cough, hoarseness or headache.
Antihistamines
Histamine is a chemical in the body that triggers sneezing, runny nose or congestion in the presence of an allergen or infection, says the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Antihistamine drugs block this chemical and reduce the symptoms it causes. Like corticosteroids, antihistamines may be taken numerous ways: orally, nasally or as eyedrops. This class of drugs has a range of side effects, depending on the mode of administration, but can include drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness and headache.
Decongestants
According to the Mayo Clinic, decongestants are used to provide temporary, fast relief for nasal and sinus congestion. Congestion occurs when blood vessels in the membranes of the nose and airways become swollen, and these medications help restore them to normal size, easing the congestion, says the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. Pregnant women, those with high blood pressure and those with abnormal heart rhythms should not take decongestants. Side effects of these medications include fast or irregular heart beat, irritability, tremors, anxiety, an increase in blood pressure and insomnia.
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