Brimonidine, sold as Alphagan P, is a topical eye drop used to lower elevated intraocular pressure, or glaucoma. Elevated intraocular pressure can damage the optic nerve and permanently impair vision. Brimonidine, which lowers the amount of aqueous fluid produced by the eye, belongs to a class of drugs known as alpha adrenergic agonists. Brimonidine may also increase outflow of fluid through the eye's drainage system. Although used in the eyes, brimonidine may have systemic as well as topical side effects.
Ocular Side Effects
Brimonidine causes adverse eye reactions in 10 to 30 percent of people using the drops, according to Drugs.com. Redness, which can affect both the eye and the eyelid, often occur, along with irritation of the eye and light sensitivity. Other common eye reactions include dry eyes, loss of color in the eye, visual disturbances and feeling like there's something in the eye. Swelling of the conjunctiva, the membrane that covers the eye and lower eyelid, may also occur. The cornea, the domed shaped protective covering in front of the eye may stain and erode. Itching and an allergic reaction that causes reddening of the conjunctiva occur in 10 to 20 percent of people using the drops, Drugs.com states. Tearing, stinging, crusting and eye pain can also occur.
Rare serious side effects include development of uveitis, inflammation of the middle part of the eye, in people using drops containing the preservative benzalkonium chloride, Drugs.com warns.
Cardiovascular Effects
Brimonidine can cause mild drops in blood pressure, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Weakness and loss of strength affect as many as 3 to 9 percent of people taking the drug, Drugs.com states. A rise in blood pressure or rapid heartbeat can also occur.
Central Nervous System Effects
Central nervous system side effects occur in 10 to 30 percent of people using brimonidine, Drugs.com reports. Fatigue, drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, insomnia, lethargy or fainting can occur.
Gastrointestinal Effects
Dry mouth is the most common gastrointestinal side effect, occurring in between 10 and 30 percent of those taking brimonidine, Drugs.com says. Heartburn and nausea have also been reported, along with a change in the taste of foods.
Respiratory Effects
Upper respiratory symptoms such as runny nose and cough affect 3 to 9 percent of people using this drug, Drugs.com states. Dry nose and sore throat can also occur.
Systemic Allergic Effects
Systemic allergic reactions can occur with any medication, including brimonidine. Symptoms include rash or hives, swelling of the face, especially around the eyes or mouth, difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat, weakness, dizziness of collapse. Severe allergic reactions require immediate medical attention.
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