During an endometrial biopsy, a surgeon takes a small tissue sample from the endometrium, or the lining of the uterus. Once the endometrial tissue is removed, it is examined under a microscope to detect the presence of any precancerous or malignant cells, cellular changes related to hormone levels, or abnormal tissues such as fibroids or polyps. An endometrial biopsy may be performed after abnormal menstrual bleeding or menopausal bleeding. Complications can arise, so it is important to know the risks.
Infection
A common complication associated with an endometrial biopsy is infection. Women can develop a uterine or fallopian tube infection when bacteria enter the incision site during the procedure. Bacteria can also collect on the surgical instruments used to make the incision and remove the endometrial tissue, according to the American Academy of Family Physicians. Once the infection enters the body, it can spread throughout the reproductive tract to various organs.
Uterine Puncture
Women who have an endometrial biopsy may be at risk for a uterine puncture that creates a hole in the uterus, according to Healthopedia.com. During the biopsy, the physician may accidentally cut, tear or puncture the uterine wall with the surgical instruments as he removes the suspicious endometrial tissue.
Bleeding
A serious complication associated with endometrial biopsy is irregular uterine bleeding, according to the Cancer Treatment Centers of America. Most women will experience spotting and/or light vaginal bleeding following the biopsy, but if the bleeding worsens, last longer than a week or is more than a normal menstrual period, then it is important to notify a physician. The Harvard Medical School states that women who have prolonged bleeding following the biopsy may be advised to refrain from sexual intercourse until the bleeding has stopped.
