Refined fish oil supplements are an excellent source of the omega-3 fatty acids docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, these essential fatty acids demonstrate promise as a treatment option for several common illnesses, including heart disease, arthritis and many forms of mental illness. Although fish oil is generally safe and associated with few serious side effects, it may cause adverse reactions in some people. Consult your health care provider before using fish oil supplements, particularly if you have a medical condition or take medication.
Bleeding
The National Institutes of Health report that large doses of omega-3 fatty acids can theoretically increase the risk of bleeding. According to the NIH, extremely high amounts of seafood appear to increase the risk of hemorrhagic stroke, nosebleed and bloody urine. Although this risk is negligible for healthy people taking normal doses of fish oil, it is best to consult a physician before taking the supplement if you have a history of bleeding disorders, or take blood-thinning drugs such as coumadin.
Digestive Problems
Digestive complaints such as diarrhea, reflux and abdominal cramping are relatively common among fish oil users, according to the NIH. In very large doses, fish oil may trigger diarrhea episodes severe enough to warrant medical attention. Additionally, many users report fishy aftertaste, malodorous belching and heartburn. The NIH recommends taking a low dose of fish oil with food, then gradually increasing your daily intake, to minimize the risk of these uncomfortable side effects.
Lower Blood Pressure
According to the NIH, moderate and large doses of fish oil can cause decreases in blood pressure levels, usually equating to roughly 2 to 5 mmHg. Although this effect is therapeutic to those with hypertension and prehypertension, it can be unsafe for people with severe hypotension, or low blood pressure. If you have a history of low blood pressure, your health care provider should monitor your condition closely while you are using fish oil supplements.
High Cholesterol
Fish oil is an effective, safe treatment for high triglyeride levels and secondary cardiovascular disease, two conditions that are closely related to high cholesterol. Although fish oil may provide an increase in high-density lipoprotein, or "good" cholesterol, it may increase total and "bad" cholesterol levels. The NIH notes that people using fish oil may experience worsening LDL cholesterol levels, which may increase by 5-10% during treatment with fish oil.
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