Intervertebral disks are tiny cushions made of tissue that sit between the spinal vertebrae. These disks are designed to absorb impact and to allow for mobility of the vertebrae, which is how a spine can bend and twist. Occasionally, however, one of these disks can slip out of place, causing nerve and spinal cord irritation.
Herniated Disk Causes
When an intervertebral disk has herniated, it has slipped out of place. A herniated disk is sometimes referred to as a bulging disk or a slipped disk, depending on how severe the injury is. According to the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons, people who smoke or are obese are more likely than the average person to develop a herniated disk. However, it can happen to a healthy individual during certain spinal movements. MayoClinic.com reports herniated disks can be caused by improper lifting or sudden twisting, or repetition of these movements over time.
Pain Symptoms
Pain is one of the main symptoms of spinal cord irritation due to a herniated disk. MayoClinic.com reports that a person with a herniated disk in the lower back may experience sciatica, or nerve pain that travels from the buttocks down the back of the leg. The pain may be worse in certain positions, such as sitting. A herniated disk higher up in the spinal column may cause pain to radiate from the neck down into the shoulder and arm. Sudden movements, such as coughing or sneezing, may make pain worse. According to the AAOS, pain from spinal cord irritation caused by a herniated disk may be described as burning or something as mild as pins and needles.
Other Symptoms
Because the nerves in the spinal column transmit more than pain, a herniated disk that causes spinal cord irritation may cause other symptoms as well. These include problems with sensation and muscle weakness. In severe cases, spinal cord pressure can even cause partial or complete paralysis. The bowel and bladder may be affected by spinal cord irritation as well. According to the AAOS, a herniated disk can even cause both bowel and bladder incontinence, depending on the level and degree of damage.
Herniated Disk Treatment
Herniated disk treatments range from conservative to more advanced measures. According to the AAOS, at least 90 percent of people with a herniated disc have symptom relief after conservative treatments. These include rest and medications, such as anti-inflammatories and muscle relaxants. Cold and heat may also help relieve some pain symptoms. Some conservative treatments require a doctor's prescription, such as physical therapy or corticosteroid injections. In rare cases, surgery may be necessary to relieve symptoms caused by spinal cord irritation.
Warning
Most people respond well to herniated disk treatments. However, for some the problem may recur or become worse. MayoClinic.com reports that any sudden changes in sensation or muscle strength may require emergency treatment. Additionally, changes in bowel and bladder function or a progressive loss of either sensation or strength should be assessed by a doctor as soon as possible, because they can indicate that the condition is becoming worse.
