Bunions, also known as hallux valgus, are common deformities of the big toe that can cause significant disability. Bunions most often occur because of inherited foot abnormalities that make a person more likely to develop a bunion, MedlinePlus explains. Instability in the big toe joint and joint enlargement causes the toe to gradually drift toward the second toe. Foot injuries, arthritis and improper footwear over a number of years can contribute to bunions, which affect women nine times more often than men, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons reports. Bunion complications can cause significant disability.
Pain
Bunions can cause mild discomfort or severe pain, depending on the degree of swelling and inflammation that develops as the toe shifts. The outer side of the toe can be irritated by footwear rubbing against it, which increases pain and swelling. Bursitis, inflammation in the fluid-filled sac that cushions the joint, also can increases pain. The toenail of the big toe may dig into the second toe, which may cause pain and possibly lead to infection. Burning sensations or numbness in the joint may also occur. Severe pain can interfere with walking and carrying out activities of daily living.
Deformity
Bunions can cause the foot to appear deformed, with smaller toes crowded together and possibly bending at the joints---a claw-like appearance known as hammertoe, according to MayoClinic.com. Shoes that accommodate a bunion may be hard to find and may rub against the side of the bunion, worsening symptoms. The protruding side of the toe becomes red and often hard and calloused from pressure from shoes.
Movement Restriction
As the big toe joint becomes more swollen and inflamed, the toe becomes stiff, which makes it difficult to bend or move the toe and interferes with walking, explains the AAOS.
Infection
Shoes rubbing against a bunion can cause blisters or open sores that can become infected. Foot infections are particularly dangerous in people with peripheral artery disease or diabetes, who often don't feel pain because their nerves are damaged and don't transmit pain sensations normally. Serious infection such as cellulitis can develop before an injury is noticed, the University of Michigan warns. Infection in the bone, called osteomylitis, can also develop.
Surgery
If pain and disability become too difficult to live with, surgery may be required. Bunion surgery usually results in significant reduction in pain and an improvement in appearance, but wearing shoes that are too small or tight can cause bunions to recur, the AAOS warns.
