The spleen is an organ on the left side of the body in the upper abdomen near the stomach. It filters blood cells and plays a role in the body's immune system. A dysfunctional spleen is usually due to an underlying disorder. Improper function of the spleen leads to problems with the blood cells and immune system, and symptoms occur as a result.
Anemia and Fatigue
A spleen which is not functioning properly will trap red blood cells called erythrocytes. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. In the tissues, the oxygen is used to transfer and use energy. With fewer red blood cells, less oxygen is delivered and person will feel fatigued as a result. Also, the lower red blood cell count can make the skin appear pale. A low erythrocyte count and the fatigue and pallor that result is called anemia.
Rash and Bleeding
Red blood cells are not the only blood components trapped in the spleen. A dysfunctional spleen also may trap platelets. Platelets are fragments of cells that help stop bleeding. If the spleen traps too many platelets, a person may bleed for longer than normal periods of time or have trouble stopping the bleed. In addition, small blood vessels under the skin can bleed, leading to red or purple dots or patches on the skin.
Infections
A third blood cell type that can get trapped in the spleen is the white blood cell. These are cells of the immune system. There are many sub-types of white blood cells, but all function to help the body fight off infections. With lower blood concentrations of white blood cells, also known as leukocytes, frequent infections can result.
Fullness and Abdominal Pain
Enlargement of the spleen can compress the stomach leading to easily feeling full, or early satiety. The increased size of the spleen can also cause abdominal pain or discomfort that may also be felt in the side, back or left shoulder.
References
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine"; Anthony S. Fauci et al; 17th Ed 2008
- "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease"; Vinay Kumar et al; 8th Ed. 2009
