Coughing is a reflex triggered by the presence of irritation or mucus in the lungs or respiratory tract. People cough because of infection, exposure of the lungs to irritants or the accidental inhalation of liquid or solid particles. Coughing can result in discomfort, pain and difficulty sleeping, and can be treated with a variety of medications.
Topical Treatments
Coughing can be treated with topical medications which may include such essential oils as menthol or eucalyptus, or camphor. These topical treatments are rubbed into the chest and the vapors from the medications are then inhaled and enter into the respiratory tract. Not only do these vapors help soothe the lining of the respiratory tract, they also help loosen any mucus in the lungs, making it easier for the mucus to be expelled from the lungs, MedlinePlus explains. This helps reduce the need to cough.
Dextromethorphan
Dextromethorphan is an anti-tussive medication, FamilyDoctor.org explains. This means that it helps reduce the sensitivity of the cough reflex. The need to cough is governed by the nerves which connect directly to the brain. Dextromethorphan works on the nervous system to decrease the activity of the nerves which modulate the cough reflex. As a result, the cough reflex becomes partially suppressed. Because this medication works on the brain, it can also result in drowsiness, confusion and other mental side effects, especially when taken in large quantities.
Expectorants
Expectorants, FamilyDoctor.org explains, are medications which help loosen mucus in the lungs. Large amounts of mucus in the lungs can trigger coughing, which is the body's way of trying to get the mucus out of the lungs. Expectorants, such as guaifenesin, can increase the amount of moisture in the mucus, making it easier for the mucus to be coughed up. Many cough medicines will combine anti-tussives and expectorant medications for maximal effect.
Codeine-containing Syrups
Codeine, a narcotic pain reliever, can be combined with another medication known as promethazine to yield a prescription-strength cough syrup. Promethazine is an antihistamine and helps reduce some of the congestion and inflammation that can lead to cough-causing irritation of the sinuses and respiratory tract. Codeine works as an anti-tussive compound, Drugs.com explains, causing suppression of the body's cough reflex. Although this medication is potent, the presence of codeine makes it a controlled substance that can only be purchased with a prescription.
