Migraine headaches can cause severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Because these symptoms can interfere with daily activities, treating migraine headaches successfully is important. There are several types of medications that can be used to treat these headaches once they have started. Their effectiveness depends on the severity of each headache and how soon the drugs are taken after the first sign of a migraine attack.
NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) can be used to treat mild migraines. These drugs are especially helpful if they are taken at the first sign of an impending migraine headache. Examples of over-the-counter NSAIDs include ibuprofen and aspirin. Prescription NSAIDs, such as ketorolac and diclofenac, may also be taken. Long-term use of these drugs can increase the risk for gastric bleeding, kidney problems, stroke and heart attack.
Ergotamine
Drugs that contain ergotamine can be used for treating migraines because they constrict the smooth muscles of the blood vessels. Ergotamine is available in oral or sublingual tablets and rectal suppositories. Dihydroergotamine is available in injection or nasal spray form. Since the introduction of triptans to the migraine medication market, the use of ergotamine for migraines has declined. However, ergotamine can still be used for patients who experience frequent headaches. Side effects of ergotamine include muscle cramps, chest pain, abdominal pain, nausea and dizziness. Pregnant women, people over age 60 and people with chronic illnesses should not take ergotamine.
Triptans
Triptans, also known as serotonin agonists, are often used to treat migraine headaches. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, triptans are the first line of defense for migraines when NSAIDs are ineffective. Triptans relieve nausea, pain and light sensitivity and also help to maintain serotonin levels in the brain. Examples of triptans include Imitrex, Maxalt, Relpax and Frova. Side effects may include nausea, dizziness, muscle weakness, drowsiness, rapid heart rate, tingling and numbness, and discomfort of the ears, nose or throat. People who are at risk for stroke or heart attack should not take triptans.
Butalbital Combinations
Some medications combine pain relievers with a sedative known as butalbital to treat migraines. However, these drugs can cause withdrawal symptoms when they are taken more than once per week. They can also cause rebound headaches. As a result, they are only used when other drugs are ineffective or cannot be used due to allergies or contraindications. Side effects of butalbital combinations include fatigue, nausea and lightheadedness. People with a history of alcohol or drug abuse should not take these medications, as there is a risk of developing an addiction. Avoid operating heavy machinery or driving a vehicle after taking a butalbital combination drug.
Antiemetics
Antiemetics are drugs used to control severe nausea by acting on chemicals in the brain. These drugs are often prescribed in combination with other migraine drugs to treat the signs and symptoms of this type of headache. Common antiemetic drugs include metoclopramide and prochlorperazine. There are relatively few side effects to antiemetic drugs when used in healthy adults. Antihistamines can cause sleepiness and make it hard to think clearly. They may also cause dry mouth and eyes. Alcohol should be avoided while antiemetics are being used.
