Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the function of the thyroid gland decreases. The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland in the front of the neck that produces the hormones, which control metabolism. The most common cause of hypothyroidism in adults is called autoimmune, meaning the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. The condition also occurs because of treatments to correct hyperthyroidism, such as surgical removal of the thyroid.
Varying Signs
The intensity and amount of signs indicating hypothyroidism may vary greatly between individuals. The early signs of the disorder are vague and individuals typically dismiss symptoms. Some signs of hypothyroidism will be obvious in some individuals and other people affected will demonstrate fewer signs of the disorder. Signs of the condition gradually worsen until they are no longer easy to ignore or dismiss.
Early Signs
The earliest signs of hypothyroidism are nonspecific. Coarse brittle hair and nails, dry skin and hair loss are early signs of an underactive thyroid gland. A physical exam typically reveals a smaller than normal thyroid. Edema of the arms and legs may also be present. Muscle weakness, with pain and swelling of the joints, are an additional early sign of hypothyroidism.
Severe Signs
After no treatment, signs of hypothyroidism worsen. More severe signs include a decrease in pulse, rapid and unintentional weight gain, thickening skin and an increase in the size of the hands and feet. A thicker tongue also causes slower speech and a difficulty in speaking. Irritable behavior is an additional sign of hypothyroidism.
Myxedema Coma
A myxedema coma is the most severe form of hypothyroidism and it is life threatening. Signs that indicate the condition is leading to a myxedema coma are hypothermia and lethargy. The lethargy leads to a stupor and unconsciousness. Eventually, the untreated hypothyroidism ends in a coma. During the coma, hypothyroidism causes a decreased respiratory rate and an increase in carbon dioxide retention.
Labratory Signs
Blood testing the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) reveals an increase in production when the thyroid gland is not producing the thyroid hormone. This sign is helpful because detection may occur before outward signs of hypothyroidism appear. Thyroid antibodies in the blood indicate the immune system is attacking the thyroid, causing hypothyroidism. Additional laboratory testing indicates an increase in cholesterol and a decrease in sodium. Anemia is a sign of hypothyroidism.
Elderly Signs
Signs of hypothyroidism in elderly individuals are atypical. Many elderly show no signs of the condition until the hypothyroidism is displaying severe signs. A decrease in mobility and a depressed state of mind are often the first signs of hypothyroidism. Elderly people and family members often attributed these signs to growing older and not to a medical condition.
