All type 1 diabetics and some type 2 diabetics must take insulin to keep blood glucose levels within prescribed limits. Insulin, manufactures by the pancreas, helps cells absorb glucose. When insulin production decreases or the cells become resistant to its effects, blood glucose rises. Insulin is traditionally given with a small syringe into fatty tissue at set time periods, with the dose adjusted depending on the most recent blood glucose readings. Insulin pumps attempt to mimic nature by supplying a continuous dose of insulin. Insulin pumps have pros and cons.
Design
An insulin pump delivers a steady dose of insulin throughout the day and also has the capacity to give an extra dose, called a bolus, before eating. Different doses can be programmed for different time periods as well. The pump, which attaches to a catheter inserted under the skin, can be placed in a pouch or belt to keep it near the body without being in the way. Pumps weigh only about 3 oz. and are about the size of a deck of cards, which makes them easy to carry, but they do add bulk and the need to wear a belt or other carrying device. The needle on the catheter needs replacement only every few days, resulting in fewer needle sticks than traditional insulin injection. Newer pumps may incorporate blood glucose monitoring, DiabetesMonitor states.
Administration
The amount of insulin given must be programmed in; as yet, pumps that automatically adjust the dose of insulin based on continuous blood sugar readings. The basal rate, the rate that the pump delivers during most of the day, is based on average insulin needs and may not be adequate during times of illness, stress and increased activity. The person wearing a pump must remember to check blood sugars frequently and to bolus before meals, just like a person who self-administers insulin injections.
Results
Continuous basal insulin helps maintain blood glucose levels within a more normal range without the highs and lows that often affect people with insulin dependent diabetes, the American Diabetes Association states.
Disadvantages
Insulin pumps shouldn't get wet, so they're capped and removed when a person bathes or goes swimming. This requires remembering to replace the pump and resetting it after getting out of the water. Pumps also cost more than tradition insulin injections. People using the pump may also be more likely to gain weight, the ADA states. Unlike regular insulin administration, the needle on the pump must remain in place all the time, which some people find bothersome.
Complications
A pump that malfunctions or detaches can result in a serious rise in blood sugar called diabetic ketoacidosis. The pump should be checked frequently to make sure it's functioning correctly. Irritation or infection can occur at the needle insertion site, the Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center states.
