The University of Maryland Medical Center defines tingling and numbness as abnormal sensations that can occur in any part of the body, but most frequently occur in the limbs and extremities. Tingling and numbness have a variety of causes, most of which are not serious. However, if slurred speech and loss of balance accompany tingling and numbness it can signify a serious medical condition.
Herniated Disk
Disks are soft, cushioned pads that are located between the bones of the spinal column, which are called vertebrae. Disks serve two functions--they allow the back to flex and bend and absorb any shock from movement. A herniated disk is a condition in which the inner layer of a disk pushes out through the outer layer, exerting excess pressure on the nerves in the spinal column. This results in tingling and numbness in the legs and buttocks or arms, weakness in the legs or arms, loss of bladder control and pain in the shoulders, neck or arms.
Strenuous physical activity, such as heavy lifting, is often the cause of a herniated disk, according to the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Other causes include excessive body weight and sudden pressure. Most herniated disks resolve on their own with bed rest and avoidance of physical activity. Symptoms can be treated with over-the-counter pain relievers, muscle relaxers and cold compresses. If the disk has become wedged into the spinal cord, surgery may be required.
Pernicious Anemia
Pernicious anemia is a condition characterized by an inadequate amount of red blood cells in the body due to a lack of vitamin B12. A lack of B12 can be due to consuming an inadequate amount of the vitamin in the diet. Rich sources of vitamin B12 include meat, poultry, shellfish, eggs and dairy so vegetarians and vegans are at an increased risk of pernicious anemia. Improper B12 absorption can also cause pernicious anemia. In order to absorb B12, the body needs a protein called intrinsic factor, which is only made by cells in the stomach. If the stomach does not make enough intrinsic factor, B12 cannot be absorbed.
Symptoms of pernicious anemia include diarrhea or constipation, fatigue, loss of appetite, pale skin, shortness of breath, swollen gums, confusion and tingling and numbness in the hands and feet. Pernicious anemia can be successfully treated with B12 supplementation. For some people, oral supplements are sufficient. Others require a monthly B12 injection.
Transient Ischemic Attack
A transient ischemic attack, which is often called a mini-stroke, occurs when a blood clot blocks the blood flow to the brain. Similar to an ischemic stroke, a transient ischemic attack is most often the result of plaque buildup in the arteries. Unlike a stroke, however, the blockage clears before any permanent damage is done. Symptoms of a transient ischemic attack include sudden tingling, numbness and paralysis on one side of the face or body, slurred speech, difficulty understanding others, vision problems and loss of balance.
MayoClinic.com notes that one in three people who experience a transient ischemic attack will eventually suffer from a stroke so treatment and prevention are important. Those who have had a transient ischemic attack will be placed on blood thinners and anticoagulants. Surgery may also be needed if plaque buildup is severe.
