Cortisol is a naturally occurring hormone produced in the adrenal glands. It is released during times of stress and helps the body respond to challenges. Excess cortisol levels may come about due to overproduction in the adrenal glands from an adrenal malfunction or due to a problem in the brain that stimulates increased release. Corticosteroid drugs like prednisone mimic the actions of cortisol and may produce the same widespread symptoms as other causes of excess cortisol. This group of symptoms is often termed Cushing's syndrome.
Weight Gain
Excess cortisol levels cause weight gain in a specific pattern. The face becomes rounded and full, and fat is deposited between the shoulder blades and back of the neck. Central obesity, around the abdomen, is characteristic of this disorder, while the arms and legs tend to be slender. Affected children develop obesity but have poor growth rates.
Skin Changes
Skin changes are sometimes the heralding factor in this disorder. The skin becomes thinner and more fragile and has a greater tendency to bruise. Unfortunately, the skin also heals more slowly. Reddish-purple streaks termed striae appear on the abdomen, thighs, breasts or shoulders and resemble stretch marks.
Muscle and Bone Changes
Large muscles of the upper arms and legs tend to become weaker in those suffering from excess cortisol. Arising from a seated position may be difficult as a result. The bones also become weaker and thinner, a condition known as osteoporosis. This may lead to fractures, most notably of the ribs, long bones and vertebrae, notes UpToDate.com.
Female Symptoms
Women with Cushing's syndrome develop some male secondary sex characteristics such as increased hair growth on the face, chest and thighs, notes the National Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Information Service. Skin may become oily, resulting in acne. In addition, irregular or absent menstrual cycles may develop.
Elevated Blood Sugar
Excess cortisol levels lead to increased blood glucose levels. This may result in a pre-diabetic condition known as impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus.
Psychological Changes
UpToDate.com relates that over half of patients with Cushing's syndrome develop emotional symptoms. These may be irritability, anxiety, panic, depression or even paranoia. Insomnia and sleep disturbances are common.
Miscellaneous Symptoms
Excess cortisol levels act to raise blood pressure and increase the risk of heart disease. Additionally, high amounts of cortisol blunt the immune response, which leads to a higher chance of infections like pneumonia or tuberculosis, according to the National Adrenal Diseases Foundation. Generalized fatigue and weakness may be seen. Blood clots, especially in the legs, are more common in Cushing's syndrome patients. Increased thirst and more frequent urination can be symptoms of excess cortisol.
